Essay on The Many Contributions of Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States of America and is still one of the most highly respected presidents of our country. He grew up with very little and he was no stranger to hard work. Abraham Lincoln never wavered from striving to better himself through reading just about anything he could get his hands on, to just simply being honest. Often times pitched as the â€Å"Great Emancipator† for his work on the Emancipation Proclamation, he took the first presidential step in the official ending of slavery. His ambition to abolish slavery and keep the union together led to the Civil War. Sadly enough, because of some of these things he fought for, they are also some of the reasons Lincoln became the first republican†¦show more content†¦So the Lincoln family moved in 1816 to an under developed region in the southwestern corner of Indiana. According to, The Youth in Indiana, Even though Abraham was only seven years old, he himself has said he  "was quite large for his age†. His father quickly introduced him to the ax to start the clearing away of the vast terrain onto which they settled. Unless he was plowing or harvesting seasons he â€Å"was almost constantly handling that most useful instrument† splitting rails until the age of twenty three (16). Thomas Lincoln soon realized that living in the back woods raising two children himself after Nancy death was next to impossible. He decided to take a trip back to Kentucky and find a wife and found his childhood friend Sally Bush Johnston who was a widow raising her three children, John, Sarah and Matilda. Thomas purposed marriage on the spot, took her to the court house, married her and took her and her children back to Indiana. Sally was shocked at the conditions in which Thomas, Abraham and Sarah were living in. Thomas didn’t exactly tell Sally the truth representing himself as an industrious and prosperous farmer. His children were filthy dirty, ill-used, and half naked, in the depth of winter. Sally made Abraham put down a floor, hang windows and doors in their one room cabin. She clothed them, brought beds, quilts,Show MoreRelatedAbrahan Lincoln and the American Civil War782 Words   |  3 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln was known for leading the bloodiest conflict in United States history during the Civil War. Lincoln successfully protected the slaves and the South from seceding. Lincoln’s career included the following influential positions: lawyer, senator, and eventually the President of the United States of America. The experiences of his personal life, career as a political man, and his ultimate contributions to America make him an important man in American history. On February 12Read MoreAbraham Lincoln : The Greatest President Of All Times798 Words   |  4 Pagestimes, Abraham Lincoln was a strong Presidential leader who is known for his honest ways. He was President during one of the worst wars in American history and was a great leader for our military. Abraham Lincoln helped to abolish slavery. He was shot down in the prime of his life and term of President by John Wilkes Booth. President Lincoln’s contributions to the American society will never be forgotten. On a February morning in 1809 Abraham Lincoln was born, to Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. ThomasRead MoreAbraham Lincolns Path to Achieving Success680 Words   |  3 PagesAbraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States, and led America through one of the biggest struggles our country has ever faced. Coming from a humble upbringing he didn’t quite have everything on a silver platter. That however did not stop him from achieving success. He took his gifts and talents given from God and made the best of them changing our life now, and for years to come. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809 in a one room log cabin near Hodgenville, KentuckyRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1036 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 8 4 December, 2015 Abraham Lincoln Research Paper Rough Draft One of the most revered men in US history was Abraham Lincoln. Everything he did throughout his life helped shape our country. He tirelessly worked to purge the country of slavery. He showed the country the importance of remembering those that died for our freedom. He never thought about himself, he always thought of others. Abraham Lincoln helped change America forever. When you look at Abraham Lincolns childhood you would neverRead MoreAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address1685 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address History remembers Abraham Lincoln as one of the greatest leaders. He has made many significant contributions to the history of the United States and is considered one of the greatest presidents. He sacrificed himself for what he believed in, even if it meant starting a war against his own country. He believed in equality for everyone and that all men were created equal. As president he is best remembered for leading the Union through the Civil WarRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem O Captain My Captain By Walt Whitman1337 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the many amazing things we have overcome to get to where we now are today. To begin analyzing this poem we must first look at the context of when the poem was written. This poem, â€Å"O Captain, My Captain† was written by Walt Whitman in 1865 after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. This death of the beloved president left the entire country devastated. Walt Whitman was a very strong admirer of Abraham Lincoln and often saw him as a fatherly figure in his life. Whitman writes many times in hisRead MoreAbraham Lincoln, Slavery and the American Civil War Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestigation will analyze how Abraham Lincolns view on slavery reflected during and after the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. To analyze exactly how Lincolns position on slavery affected the war overall, this investigation looks at Lincolns moral and religious views as well as his social and political views. Two main sources were used, both dealing with events relevant to his political career and his roots in his career and other important issues including slavery. Lincoln by David Herbert DonaldRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War1064 Words   |  5 Pages Succeeding from certain countries is often a common solution that many would agree on in order to avoid problems within a nation. A war that includes this action is the civil war. After several disagreements of lifestyle, the South had succeeded from the United States of America. However, Abraham Lincoln’s initial goal was to keep the Union as a whole, as he continuously worked on achieving this goal. There are many accountable reasons for the Civil War, but the disagreement on slave vs. free statesRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln : Greatest President Of American History1516 Words   |  7 Pages2014 President Abraham Lincoln: Greatest President in American History President Lincoln said the following about the South in his Inaugural Address, In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.(Freidel and Sidey 2006) President Abraham Lincoln is look upon asRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Captain My Captain By Walt Whitman1412 Words   |  6 Pagesand some of the many amazing things we have overcome to get to where we now are today. To begin analyzing this poem we must first look at the context of when the poem was written. This poem was written by Walt Whitman in 1865 after the assassination of a beloved president, Abraham Lincoln. The death of this beloved president left the entire country devastated. Walt Whitman was a very strong admirer of Abraham Lincoln and often saw him as a fatherly figure in his life. He writes many times in his poem

Essay A Career in Nursing - 1152 Words

The thought of fast paced movement, interaction with people, and being able to help people is what makes nursing sound like and interesting career. Nurses have a lot of responsibility around the hospital. They provide care and make patients feel comfortable. Becoming a nurse has a lot of responsibility to it. The career also needs someone who has good people skills but is also assertive. To become a registered nurse a person can either earn an associate of science in Nursing, which is 2 years of schooling, or an individual can earn a bachelor of science in nursing, which is 4 years of schooling (Discover Nursing). An individual can choose if they want an associate’s degree or a bachelor’s degree, but it is better to have more†¦show more content†¦Virginia Henderson tells what she thinks a nurse is about in her book The Nature of Nursing. â€Å"†¦ helping of the patient to do those things leading toward health or a piece of that which he ordinarily would d o for himself if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to help him in such a way that he is able to do for himself as soon as possible† (Fredrickson, 2). Nurses have many different responsibilities but one of their main responsibilities is to provide care for patients in the best way possible. Nurses must be ready at anytime to be able to take care of someone in need (Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow). They have to be able to remain calm, even in tense situations, and also need to be able to come up with solutions fast and correct (Nursing School Programs). Nurses take direction from doctors who are working on the same patients as them. Nurses do many different things for a patient. They bandage wounds, retrieve information on the patient, and give the patient medicine that the doctor has prescribed. The place a nurse works in is usually fast-paced and a little overwhelming. A type of nurse that seems like it would be exciting would be an emergency nurse. An eme rgency nurse can work in ambulances, helicopters emergency room, and sports arenas. When it comes to all the different kinds of nursing there is most likely a nursing that could fit anyone’s personality (Discover Nursing). There are a wide variety of pros toShow MoreRelatedNursing : A Career As A Career In Nursing705 Words   |  3 PagesFrom a very early age I have had a passion and drive to help people. I was first inspired to go in to a nursing career by my grandmother who would tell me stories about her experiences as a midwife. One that stood out to me was when she travelled through a snowstorm to deliver a baby, and it is this level of commitment, care and compassion that I aspire to have. I have also found inspiration from my mum who is an ICU nurse and has always shared her experience and advice with me. This has been somethingRead MoreThe Career Of Nursing As A Career In Nursing1614 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing is a very complex career that at many times requires one to be a leader. Nurses can be leaders in formal roles and also on the unit during any given shift. Nursing is a career that truly tests the character and attributes of those who choose to enter this career. Leadership in nursing is vital in creating a successful environment for patients. According to Stichler (2006), â€Å"effective leadership is essential to transforming organizations into environments that are safe for both patientsRead MoreNursing : A Career As A Career In Nursing925 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat at and I have never recalled them because I was so focused on being in the medical field. The career fields that were appealing to me was being a nurse for veterans, I also thought of being a teacher for the younger children. I have chosen to be in the medical field because I have always loved helping others in need and just making them feel good after they been satisfied. My living career I have selected was to be a Pediatric Nurse. Pediatric nurses provide many medical needs and physicalRead MoreNursing As A Career In Nursing1092 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract My name is Dania Infante and I am a BSN student at Florida National University. I chose nursing as a career path because I am a people person. I enjoy working and interacting with people on a regular basis as well as taking care of them. I know there are several careers that specialize in patient care. However, I chose nursing because I feel a nurse is in direct contact with the patient at all times. Nurses look after their patients in every aspect, physically as well as emotionally. TheyRead MoreThe Career Of Nursing Career1825 Words   |  8 PagesNursing When people are sick or injured they need someone to take care of them and may need to see a doctor. But usually there are other professionals who will see them first and provide hands-on care before the doctor arrives. Many of these professionals are nurses. Within the healthcare sector focused on the care of individuals, families and communities, nurses may help patients attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. When considering a nursing career, one needs to be awareRead MoreNursing As A Career1568 Words   |  7 PagesPrice, Hall, Angus and Peter (2013) â€Å"Nursing is described as a beautiful, rewarding and motivating career followed with an acknowledgement that nurses are underappreciated.† (p.7) Nursing is a profession that is organized and abides by a code of ethics where the individual is expected to honour these implementations. Nurses spend their career saving and promoting life and one of the most significant parts of being a nurse is to be a patient advocate. Nursing students tend to frequently enter theirRead MoreNursing As A Nursing Career1933 Words   |  8 PagesNursing is a very intriguing profession with an open door to many new opportunities. While in the field many exciting experiences may come at you. The medical field has always interested me, but I was never quite sure on what career would suit me best and was the right one to pursue. There are many nurses in my family: my mom, sister in law, my cousin’s wife Taylor and my aunt Julene. After hearing all of their exciting stories I decided that nursing is the perfect career. It provides a great placeRead MoreNursing As A Career?1442 Words   |  6 PagesNursing As a Career? This research paper will help guide you into a career that has its pros and cons. What kind of education is needed to enter the nursing field? What the advancements are in the field of nursing? What is the earning potential of nursing? What the outlook on nursing in the future is and the different nursing work environments and so much more. The purpose of this is to inform anyone interested in becoming a nurse what you can do with your degree and most important, if this careerRead MoreThe Nursing Career1082 Words   |  4 Pagesanalytical by defining a problem and use data to determine an effective solution. A PHN must be able to communicate effectively, and understand how the media delivers information. Of great importance is the role of cultural competency in public health nursing. Cultural competency is the ability to effectively consider the worldviews, healthcare practices and preferences of people from diverse, racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds. The PHN must put an emphasis on prevention and focusesRead MoreThe Career of Nursing1259 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Boykin â€Å"Caring is the foundation of nursing† (Boykin et al, 2011) and in order to be a nurse, it is essential that a nurse can demonstrate and practice professional communication skills. Professional communication skills not only allows the nurse to provide different methods and tactics to communicate with patients of different needs and ages, but it enables the nurse to understand and to give the best possible care and outcome for the patient. Provision of information and handover is

NMCI Project Assessment Free Essays

The following is my assessment of the project: That when developing the project care was never taken to read carefully the set objectives and whether or not they were being met. As a result only two of them were met which indicated there was a need to overhaul the system. None the less expansion continued as if nothing was wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on NMCI Project Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Modern development tools like prototyping were never used properly. System users were never involved in the development as the project was only handled by the experts. As a result serious mistakes were never detected let alone being solved in time. The size of the project needed the use of modern networking hardware, fast enough to cope with the heavy traffic created by the over 650,000 users. Instead of replacing the obsolete old hardware with the new ones the project continued to build on them which created more disaster. The monitoring process was never put into use as the Navy personnel who appeared to have vested interest in the project kept on defending it rather than bringing correcting and useful comments during the development process. They only focused on being able to provide some service whether that service was reliable or dependable was never the issue was never an issue. The Navy system is normally classified as critical and needs special methods   to minimize and tolerate some faults during its development. Such methods were never used. For example reliability, safety and security assessments were never done. Performance tests were never carried even though it was clearly known such tests were mandatory. The programming languages used were never compatible with modern   distributed operating systems. There was need to use Object Oriented Systems to enhance later modification compatibility THE AFI NEW SYSTEM PROPOSAL Introduction Purpose of the Document This document is prepared for use by the following people and for the following purposes: User Name Why need the Document System Customers Check if needs are met and specify any changes that may be required Managers/ Officers To plan for the system bid and its development System Engineers To Know and be guided on what system to develop System test engineers To develop validation tests System Maintenance Engineers To understand the system parts and its totality Scope of the Product This system is meant to be used by the current air force staff and it will take into account their current number and the projected number in the year 2030.. It will use the most current network technology including their topologies, transmission media, and distributed operating system architecture. System Overview Why use networks To allow for efficient sharing and use of computer resources To facilitate efficient dissemination of messages, notices to air force staff To provide connectivity to other armed forces and air force personnel in US To research and read widely about events taking place in US, and outside world. In particular those that are a threat to the US To perform trade and other commercial activities The connectivity and expected workload Ethernet products will be used due to its simplicity and widespread use Fiber optics cables will provide major connectivity Wireless hone technology will be used Expected Achievements and Failures All the cited failures in the NMCI project will be avoided, specifically: The integrated system life cycle will be used which is proper fact finding, system design, system implementation through prototyping, system integration and testing; system parallel operation, evaluation and maintenance. User involvement at all levels of system development User training through in house training programs; seminars and workshop attendance System Constraints The major constraint will be lack of awareness on the part of users . Computer technology is changing very rapidly and the organization will be properly informed and well prepared to accept such changes as inevitable. Methods and Procedures Network Models Used System Anticipated Evolutions Recommendations Conclusions References: Internet as given from NMCI system namely: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0751.pdf http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1206/120806ts1.htm http://www.eds.com/news/news.asp?news_id=2905 Ian Summerville : Software Engineering How to cite NMCI Project Assessment, Essay examples

Architecture Research Paper Kansai International Airport free essay sample

The Kansai International Airport designed by architect Renzo Piano is a very fascinating and unique building. It construction combines a man-made island, a high-tech new age looking structure and creative architectural design to create one of the biggest and most expensive airports in the world as seen to right in (Figure-1a). Human use of Kansai Airport is best expressed by the lecture topics discussed in class that include: Designation and Organization of Use, Architectural Determinism, Humanism at a Personal Scale, and Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhoods / Communities/Bureaucracies and Meaning in Architecture. In the Professor Speck’s class lecture over Designation and Organization of Use, there are many themes that I feel parallel with the design of Kansai International Airport. In lecture Professor Speck said that the overall environment a building is in encourages both the behavioral aspects and the physical environment, which in turn alters the shape behavior of the building. This statement correlates perfectly to Kansai Airport, because first of all the building is built of the coast of Osaka, Japan on a made-island. So before the building is built there is already a sense of behavioral and physical difference that sets it apart from other buildings. According to the lecture space is designated for three reasons. The first reason being the practicality of the designated space, then the injection of certain cultural values and taboos and finally the intrinsic human need to claim pace- intervals and community. Also, he said that when architects are planning the zoning for building they consider time, efficiency and machines. Kansai Airport was built because of a need for a big international airport; however, Piano had to find an alternate location due to the crowdedness of the Osaka Bay area. Thus, he used the theme of designation and organization use to come to the conclusion of a manmade island. Piano decision for the island can be compared to early American houses expressed in the book The Place Houses. In the book the authors describe how the early houses in New England, Virginia and Deep South differed in design to help adapt to there environment. However, after Piano solved the problem of where the airport would be built he still had to decide how long to make the island so it could house the massive structure. The final decision was for the island to be four kilometers long and one kilometer wide. The Phaidon Press describes this well in the book On Tour with Renzo Piano when they write, â€Å"Projects such as Kansai International Airport are so large in scale that they are almost impossible to grasp. †(p. 7). The size of the island is seen from an aerial view above in (Figure 2-a). Architectural Determinism, as mentioned by Professor Speck, played an important role in the design and construction of the Kansai Airport. The interior of the building is very easy to navigate around. Transparent glass helps calm people down and at the same time speed up the process of arrival and departure. The long and narrow design allows for a nearly infinite field of vision, creating a stress free and carefree environment. This is described well in the book Renzo Piano when Emilo Pizzi writes, â€Å"The desire to maximize transparency between the various areas allocated to embarkation and arrival procedures mans that precedence is given at every point to the passengers need to find their way, as well as enabling them to see the planes parked in front of the building through windows. † (p. 228). Rather than some buildings where people can feel like a needle in hay stack and get lost easily, Kansai International is very easy to navigate through even with its massive size. The transparency of the interior that results in easy and efficiency of movement from one place to another is apparent in (Figure 3-a) right and above. The next issue presented in lecture related to the Kansai Airport is Humanism at a Personal Scale. The assortment of different kinds of plant life inside the terminal give let the airport connect with the people walking through it. The plants help to offset the cold, unwelcoming feeling that is given off by the vast amount of steel, high ceiling and open spaces. Also helping to offset this unwelcoming feeling is the beautiful view of the Osaka Bay. The large glass windows combined with sun reflecting off the water allows a lot of natural light into the terminal. As expressed in the book The Place of Houses natural light helps give a warm vivid feeling to room that will stay in our minds long after we walk out of that room. Another small but import feature of Kansai Airport is the small signs that give directions. While all airports have these signs, they are especially important particularly in this massive terminal. Convenience of restaurants and stores also helps the airport to connect to the people walking through it on a more personal scale. This range of activities helps everyone that is arriving or departing feel a little bigger in such a enormous place. All of the small tributaries from the restaurants, stores, etc. lead to a â€Å"canyon† area that is the focal point of the terminal. Again this is to try and make arrival and departure run more smoothly. This is explained well in the book Renzo Piano when Emilo Piano writes, â€Å"Inside, the different levels convene into the â€Å"canyon,† a tall atrium occupying the fall of the height of the building, which acts as a sorting point for those arriving or disembarking off the planes. † (p. 28). The importance of focus is also cited in the book The Place of Houses, which says that the â€Å"focus† of a room is one of the most important and critical characteristics, because they (foci) are meant help to organize the room around the center of interest. In this case is canyon is both the center of interest and the â€Å"gateway† to the re st of the terminal. In (Figure 4-a) right and above one can clearly see how the â€Å"canyon† along with the massive signs help to make Kansai International Airport more manageable and how it helps to cater to people on a more humanistic and personal scale. Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhoods/Communities/Bureaucracies is the next issue I will discuss and its connection with the Kansai International Airport. I think that buzzing, busy atmosphere makes the people in the terminal feel warm and jovial. While it could be argued that to many persons walking scurrying through the airport at the same time could be disturbing and annoying, I think that like the plants, stores and restaurant the sea of people helps to fill the gigantic inside space of the terminal. However, if Kansai were compared to a city I would definitely compare it to one of the larger metropolises in the US, simply because of number of people and the crowded feeling it gives off. I think that the feel in the terminal would be like an exaggerated effect of what west campus is like during the afternoon of a school day. Both require a lot of walking and there is almost no opportunity to drive an automobile through either. Although I do not believe that Kansai Airport is necessarily a bad environment, it is certainly not a nurturing one. In lecture Professor Speck pointed out that there are eight principles of nurturing communities. They are as follows, convenience, wide range of articles, wide range of activities, sense of human presence, personal human scale, variety of visual experiences, freedom from intrusion of disturbance and natural relief. In my opinion Kansai Airport satisfies all of them except for intrusion of distraction, which is definitely does not satisfy because of the mass amounts of people. Emilo Pizzi explains this well in Renzo Piano when we he writes, â€Å"The place seems to evoke the turmoil of Japanese cities, but also the spirit of a millenary civilization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 228). Although Kansai is not terrible as far as its Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhood/Communities/Bureaucracies is concerned it is definitely not as personable as the examples given in lecture, such as Kresege College in California, Byker, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England, Tapiola New Town, Finland or the Crown Fountain, Millennium Park, Chicago. The final issue that Professor Speck discussed about in lecture was the Meaning of Architecture. The issue begins with the visual culture progression in the past fifty years leading to both greater reading comprehension and greater visual comprehension; architecture had to progress as well. Thus, architects started to use certain ways to â€Å"communicate† these ways of communication include Literal Direct Communication (LDC), Literal Indirect Communication (LIC) and Abstract. An example of LDC is a billboard of a cow with the caption â€Å"eat more,† so physically the meat is depicted. An example of LIC would be a picture of Bevo with the caption â€Å"We’re Texas. † Finally Abstract is defined as depicting certain feeling, colors, shapes, etc. I believe that Kansai International Airport is a combination of LDC and Abstract, because it looks like an airport with runways, planes, etc. but also is made of very unique shapes that set it apart from any other building. The uniqueness of Kansai that make it abstract are demonstrated well in Renzo Piano when Emilo Pizzi writes, â€Å"From the air, the building looks like a shining flag that cheerfully greets the traveler from the vast artificial island. The image stays in the mind when, having landed, the plane comes to a halt in front of the large metallic facade of the building. † (p. 224). A visual Kansai is flag-like structure and its Abstract communication is clearly depicted in (Figure 5-a) below. In conclusion, Professor Speck discussed many issues in lecture that distinguished the human and personal use of buildings all over the globe. The issues consisted of : Designation and Organization of Use, Architectural Determinism, Humanism at Personal Scale, Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhoods/ Communities/Bureaucracies and Meaning in Architecture. These issues/topics are especially vital in expressing the personal and human architectural use of Kansai International Airport. Theses issue give a small sample of truly how creative and unique Kansai Airport’s Architect Renzo Piano is and how impressive and world renounced Kansai International is by both world-class architects and just the every day observer alike. This airport with its manmade island and unique high-tech look will always be remembered and will mostly definitely used as a model for airports and other buildings in the future.

Frances and Americas Health Care Systems Comparison

Introduction The America spends around 15% of its GDP on the costs of health care, and this percentage exceeds the OECD’s spending being 8.8% almost twice and the French costs, which constitute 11.2% of its GDP, in 40%. France health care spending is 11% of the national output, matched up to 15% used in America in health issues, such as infant mortality (Skinner Garber, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on France’s and America’s Health Care Systems Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health care system in the United States has received a criticism due to the absence of universal medical coverage in contrast to the universal health coverage in France. Since French insurance coverage is basically obligatory, medical expenses are more largely allocated to the whole population. Even though laws in America permit particular kinds of health care offered to the uninsured patien ts, they increase health expenses for the insured; and these greater health care expenses are borne by the people looking for health care instead of society in general. Exclusive of the situation of greatly communicable diseases, the treatment, which offers a huge social advantage, is debatable in regard to an extra earning or income. This paper discusses and compares France and the U.S. health care systems. Health Care System in the United States Health care system in the United States has brought about more polarizing discussion. Some critics state that the U.S. provides the best health care structure in the world due to directly accessible health care technology and high-tech facilities that have been the point of reference in medical care. Others criticize the system of health care in America as being ineffective and uneven due to the point that it spends more money on medical care than any other country, and there are still a lot of uncovered people, managerial waste, and unrel iable quality. Health care providers are mainly owned and controlled by the private operators, and health coverage offered by the government in the public health care system ensures around 62% of the total, and provision is provided by programs, such as Veterans Health Administration, TRICARE, and Medicare (Himmelstein Woolhandler, 2004). Most people under the age of 65 are covered by their employers; some purchase coverage on their own, while others are uncovered.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the United States, 49.8 million people, 16.2 percent of the population, were uncovered in 2010, which showed an increase from 16 percent in 2009. In line with WHO, the U.S. allocates more on health care per capita, being $7,145; moreover, it raised the figure on health care as ratio of its GDP became 15.1 percent that was greater than of any other country surveyed in 200 9. America was ranked the fourth highest level of public medical care expenditure per capita of $3, 430, following other nations with higher level of health care spending per capital, which were Monaco, Norway, and Luxembourg. In 2009, research in five states reported that health care debt made up to 46.2 percent of entire individual bankruptcies. In 2010, 62.2 percent of filers for bankruptcies declared an increased health care spending. Since then, medical expenses and the number of uncovered and underinsured became greater than before. Government Implication In 2010, President Obama passed a law, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which supported phased implementation over four years of an inclusive arrangement of authorized health coverage with reforms intended to remove different undesirable activities of the insurance providers. These activities address the areas, such as yearly and life coverage gaps, premium loadings, and necessary screening. It also establishes a least ratio of direct health care expenditure to premium income, and price competition strengthened by the formation of three standard insurance coverage stages, to allow open assessment by end users, and online health coverage services that enable consumers to assess prices and other service plans. Health care system offers subsidy to allow the low income earners to purchase insurance and conserve private health facilities and private insurance. The law enacted by President Obama includes provision related to the health care that is to be executed over seven years, and extending Medicaid eligibility for the public translating to 135 percent of the FDL (Federal Poverty Level), offering incentives to firms to allow medical benefits, forbidding refusal of coverage and denial of claims derived from the present situations. This law also creates health care insurance exchanges and supports subsidization of coverage premiums for the public, representing 400 percent of the Federal Pover ty Level in order for their highest spending for yearly premiums to descend from 2% to 10% of earnings (Skinner Garber, 2008). It also disallows the insurers from instituting annual insurance or coverage caps and focuses more on the establishment of medical research. Commencing in 2014, the law will disallow insurers to refuse insurance to sick candidates, or demand certain conditions, for instance, advanced payments or premiums. The 2010 Acts entail coverage providers to cover more expenses, requiring that not less than 80% of premiums should be used in health care or ‘quality upgrading’ and complete medical coverage for immunizations and screenings through disallowing annual and lifetime caps that provide uneven distribution. Pros and Cons Medical researches in the United States, which are carried out in some institutions, such as Cleveland Clinic, the Mayo Clinic, and Harvard Medical School, are among the best in the world, and well-known due to the developments the y do in medicine, mainly, because of the latest free-market structure.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on France’s and America’s Health Care Systems Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For the people with employment and great benefits, or those who can pay for it, various American insurance programs are ranked among the best programs in the globe. Another benefit of the latest American medical care program is that taxpayers are not responsible for the cost related to giving health care insurance to all the people (Skinner Garber, 2008). Medical care expenses in the United States are more than in any country all over the globe, and its system where every person should be covered just serves to raise these expenses at the cost of the taxpayers. Most people assert that tax contributions would carry funds away from national security and education to finance newly established medical ca re system. The noticeable drawback of the health care system in the United States is that though the taxpayers have used more of their income in the American health care, most researches report that Americans have not become healthier than people in other countries that spend less on health care than the US. There is huge amount of money used in American health care, and the government pays out more of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on medical system than any other nation. In 2008, the United States allocated almost 15% of its total GDP on health care (Skinner Garber, 2008). Another noticeable drawback of the health care system is that most people are either underinsured or uninsured, and the United States Census Bureau reported that in 2003, 65% of people were insured by health insurance controlled by the government while 15% of the population were uninsured. Health Care System in France The French government offers some series of varied and all-inclusive health care programs. F or over 95% of the people, health care is either completely free or fully compensated (Sà ¡nchez-Serrano, 2011, p. 30). The people also have the privilege to select among health care facilities, irrespective of their earning levels. Additionally, the waiting lists for surgeries, just like in the United States, are not found in France health care system. Medical care coverage in France is a section of the Social Security structure which is financed by income of the employees (60% of the accounts), imposed taxes from tobacco and alcohol, and payment provided by the revenue related to earning that composes capital revenues and retirement pensions.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apparently, it seems that medical insurances repay health care facilities more in the United States than in France. However, above 80% of French citizens have supplemental medical coverage, usually offered by their employers. Government Implications In the mid 2001, a law was enacted by the government enabling the health care system to offer more support to people in need in their every day tasks. In March 2002, the government also enacted a policy creating reimbursement for every accident related to health issue, regardless whether it is their own fault or not. These new policies were added to the previous confirmed policies, such as reimbursement rights in instances of illness prevention or pregnancy, health costs for employees and students, organized screening of particular disorder, and family planning. The ‘2012 Hospital Plan’ allocated with  £10 million is to allow the implementation of fresh investments with some major concerns, such as the reinforcing compleme ntarities among health care providers situated in certain area, the improvement of security system, and the automation of health care system (Sà ¡nchez-Serrano, 2011, p. 30). In 2002, a law passed by the government addressed the rights of the patients on pain relief, in line with reimbursement for severe medical accidents, patient consent, availability of communication to the patient, and dignity of the patient. Pros and Cons People benefit from the ability to choose personal medical providers or doctors, and patients with long-term disorders or illnesses are allocated with more funds or 100 percent medical insurance coverage. The less income earners are provided with universal healthcare that is funded by taxes. Moreover, the medical expenses for the people suffering from the long-term illness are fully compensated, and they can confer with different practitioners or select university, private, public, general, or private health care providers. Health care systems have a loose edi tion of universal health care, denoting that the government made a controlled system that enabled medical care facilities and insurance providers to insure everybody (Sà ¡nchez-Serrano, 2011, p. 30). Health care system in France also allows more funds to be used in medical costs due to the structure where the patients need to consult the doctor first, which adds more expenses. Comparison of Health Care Systems France health care spending of 11 percent of the national output is lower as compared to 15% used in America in health issues, such as infant mortality. Health care systems of both France and the U.S. allow patients to have different selections when looking for medical care or providers (Budrys, 2011, p. 135). In France, patients commonly get interventions directly from a professional or consultant, while in the United States, the expansion of HMO signifies that most patients should receive the consent of a ‘primary care physician’ before looking for specific int erventions. The U.S. system can be annoying to patients, but also preserve the spending directed to health care costs when the primary care physician considers it unimportant. Like France, America provides both the public and the private insurers, and the issue that especially concerns the system of the United States is the control of the private component over the public one. In France, being jobless signifies reduced tax funds going into Assurance Maladie’s treasury, but in the U.S., it means that a person may lose his or her coverage (Budrys, 2011, p. 135). In France, regulation also limits the medical coverage providers from appropriately pooling policies and reforms by risk group, which increases medical coverage premiums in general. Medical systems normally take advantage of reduced regulation and an inclination towards a medical arrangement where insurance assumes to a function of offering for dependent and upsetting health care emergencies among groups for which the p ossibility for these incidences is roughly the same. In the U.S. health care system, reforming the way in which practitioners and other providers are salaried is an essential aspect in providing system transition, especially, in the common payment system, and generates incentives to offer extra services, instead of improved and high-value approaches to care for conditions. Conclusion Health care systems in France and America undergo more expenses caused by the application of medical coverage for regular medical care where the key receiver does not receive the full cost of the health care. It appears that the U.S. spends more funds in health care system than any other country in the world, including France. Different measures and reforms are needed in both systems to provide satisfying services and regulate amount of the funds allocated to these systems. References Budrys, G. (2011). Our Unsystematic Health Care System. Plymouth: Rowman Littlefield. Himmelstein, D., Woolhandler, S. (2004). Administrative waste in the U.S. International Journal of Health Services, 34(1): 79–86. Sà ¡nchez-Serrano, I. (2011). The World’s Health Care Crisis. Paris: Elsevier. Skinner, J., Garber, A. (2008). Is American Health Care Uniquely Inefficient? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(4): 34-56. This critical writing on France’s and America’s Health Care Systems Comparison was written and submitted by user Gabriella Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Complete Guide to the Princeton Supplement

The Complete Guide to the Princeton Supplement SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Got your heart set on Princeton- the #1 ranked university in the US? Then you’ll need to learn how to write amazing Princeton essays for your Princeton Supplement, a key part of your application for admission. In this detailed guide, we go over the different types of essays you’ll be required to write for your Princeton application and provide you with some expert tips on how to write your most effective and unique essay possible.

Film & Gender Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film & Gender - Movie Review Example It inspires the students to critically reflect on the social, cultural as well as political matters. This paper tries to address the issue of gender which is a big concern in the present times throughout the globe. Presented below is a review of the well known short documentary movie The Codes of Gender:Â  Identity and Performance in Popular Culture. The documentary has been written, directed and produced by Sut Jhally, founder of the Media Education Foundation (MEF). The central idea conveyed through this film is that the gender identity we maintain throughout our lives is imparted to us by the society we live in. The film is a riff to the book Gender Advertisement written by Erving Goffman. It presents a critical analysis of the gender issue in media. Media is one of the most prominent forms of America’s popular culture. Jhally has argued that advertisement over the media does not only promote sales of products. Advertisement is a medium that helps in spreading ideas rapidl y and widely. The commercial culture of America is making use of gender representations that are quite reactionary in nature. The movie looks beyond the conventional concept of gender that focuses on the physical and biological features that a human is born with. According to the communication scholar, Sut Jhally, a sense of identity is developed on the basis of the physical trait that the particular person possesses. The gender identity and hence the roles and codes of conduct is assigned to the person by the external society. Gender identity is therefore not a natural phenomenon. The gender ideals represent a remarkable pattern of masculinity and femininity, their display and postures. The society has established itself on a two-tiered terrain that recognizes two separate identities of the human existence. The identity of each defines their mutual relationship and access to power. The Codes of Gender provides an important insight into the social framework catering to masculinity a nd femininity. The cultural norms act as superior guidance to any human being as he or she grows and adapts in the society’s dictum. The codes and conventions govern our senses about what we think to be normal for a particular gender and what should be the judicious behavior by a male and a female. These conventions are normalized in the sense that we have been taught to stand up on this system as our base. Hence these rules do not seem to be visible to us. They lie deep inside our senses and affect every decision we make. Advertisement is making a massive use of these codes of gender. The movie makes an analysis of the ways and extent to which gender is being portrayed for advertisement purposes. The relationships and differences between the codes attributed to each of the two genders are exclusively made use of in advertisements. One can figure it out if she tries to think of any advertisement and interchange the male or female figure with the other counterpart. The portray al of the figures is made consciously vivid and elaborate as a part of marketing strategy. The suggestive sexual poses, catalogue of different body postures and other physical cues are all aimed at employing the body as text in advertisement for the audience to read. The bold images of femininity and female empowerment shown in the advertisements are merely a wrapper on the same old rituals of female subordination. While

CASE STUDY - AMAZON Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

- AMAZON - Case Study Example The featured organization remained engaged in selling DVDs, CDs, VHS cassettes and a lot of electronics before it can actually became capable of developing and commercializing Kindle Fire tablet. The introduction of Kindle acted like a lucky charm for the retailer and things initiated to look improved ever since the product was launched in the year of 2011 whereas, its predecessor Kindle e-book Reader was launched in 2007. The improved version of the formerly mentioned product was released in 2012 (History & Timeline, 2014). The company produces products by outsourcing their manufacturing to countries that can produce them cheaply. The apparels are made in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The technological products are either made in China or US. The products are distributed through chain of warehouses, fulfillment centers and third party distributors (Kucera, 2014). Jeff Bezos had incorporated Amazon.com as an organization in July 1994 and the website was made available for customer use in 1995 after intensive tests and beta version releases. However, the concept worked and worked great indeed. The initial name of the company was Cadabra and it was replaced with Amazon after getting inspired with the title of Amazon River which is one of the most spacious water masses located on the face of the Earth. The Amazons is a term that was used to refer to great nation of female warriors known to exist in the traditional Greek mythology. Amazon managed to vend its subsidiary websites to England, America, France, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India and last but not the least Mexico. In 2011, the company was in plans to launch its websites in Poland, Netherlands and Sweden. Jeff Bezos did not engage in internet business in the period of early development of the industry but he made up for his misgivings in this regard an d introduced Amazon in 1994. Amazon as a

Chinese Consumer's Perseption of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Abstract Dissertation

Chinese Consumer's Perseption of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Abstract - Dissertation Example The research uses both literature review and quantitative empirical research to arrive at the findings. A convenience sample of 55 customers is chosen from among the friends and acquaintances of the researcher and an online survey is employed. The results are tabulated and analysed using the literature review. It is found that customers prefer to use the C2C models over B2C models, even though they are ready to trust the B2C models more in terms of product quality, after sales service and customer care. The reason for conducting shopping using C2C sites is their low costs and larger variety of products availability. It is however expected that in the near future, due to the greater trustworthiness of the B2C sites, there may be a change in customer behaviour and shift in preference from C2C to B2C model. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Overview 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 1.4 Research Methods 1.5 Research Significance 1.6 Outline of Dissertation Chapters 1.7 Summary Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 B2C and C2C Models – An Overview 2.3 Overview of B2B and B2C online markets in China 2.4 Factors that impact online shopping consumer behavior 2.5 Factors that can impact on the effectiveness of an online shopping company 2.6 Comparison between Taobao and Amazon in China 2.7 Summary Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Research Design 3.4.1 Sample Sample Unit Sample Size Sample Selection Method 3.4.2 Data Collection Instrument: Survey Questionnaire (Appendix A) 3.4.3 Data Analysis Method 3.5 Research Validity and Reliability 3.6 Ethical Considerations 3.7 Summary Chapter 4: Research Findings and Discussions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Descriptive Statistics 4.3 Summary Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary of Research Findings 5.3 Research Implications 5.4 Research Limitations and Scope for Future Research List of Tables Table 1: Gender of the Participants Table 2: Age of the Participants Table 3: Personal Online Shopping Behaviour Table 4: Reasons for Not Shopping Online Table 5: Customers’ Preference of Online Shopping Model Table 6: Customer’s past usage of online shopping sites Table 7: Customers’ Perception of Trust of Different Models of Shopping Websites Table 8: Factors Impacting Perception of Customers Regarding Online Shopping Sites Table 8a: Important Factors that Impact Customer Perceptions Regarding Online Shopping Websites Table 9: Factors that Negatively Impact Customers’ Perceptions Table 9a: Factors that Create Customer Dissatisfaction with Online Shopping Sites Table 10: Comparison of B2C and C2C Sites on Factors that Impact Customers’ Perceptions Table 11: Customers’ Intentions to Recommend Online Shopping Sites List of Appendices Appendix A: Research Questionnaire Appendix B: Research Responses References Chinese Consumer’s perception of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Overview With the opening up of the Chinese economy and the liberalization reforms, there has also been an exponential growth in penetration of the mass media and communications technology across China (Eisingerich and Kretschmer, 2008). The modernization of the economy and the development of the Chinese cities in the recent past also brought about a change in the lifestyles of the people (Shi and Zhang, 2009). There is found to be a rapid growth in the

Effects of technology in todays business world

Effects of technology in todays business world Thanks to the digital revolution, the present business world has entered a new millennium of connectivity, networking and marketing. Now the business world is much more developed and advanced and innovation of new electronic machines and digital networks has made this possible. Technology is now mixed up with every aspect of life and has brought up a revolutionary change in the marketing process. Customers can get their job done by hiring the perfect product in a greater comfort with ease. Old marketing practice needs to be carried out along with technological merge to adopt with the changing market environment. Old business perspective has been changed by the entrance of advanced networking and information technology. Business as well as marketing becomes more dynamic and effective when peer-to-peer (P2P) relationship is firmly established and henceforth intranet and extranet are there to keep the people and companies to connected with each other. People can now be connected with the vast and endlessly growing information repository using internet. Wireless technology has further enhanced the connectivity. Todays economy is standing upon the basis of technological advancement and connectivity. The economy is backed by information system. Information can be accessed, updated, modified, personalized and dispatched via internet very fast. With the help of the information about countless gathered through technical tools, softwares and using networks, marketers can offer now more new individualized products or can update the preceding ones accordingly. For example, a company, named Dell Computers offers the customers to tell them their need-specification about computer components and delivers them a manually configured one within a very short time. By doing so, they are also able to communicate with their customer one to one and build up a strong relationship with them. Changes in Business practice: The changes in technology and economy are bringing out a new set of customs, beliefs, cultures as well as practices on the part of business firms. Such as, Marketing groups are being formed to address the needs of different customer groups. This means a switch from being product-centered to being customer-segment centered. Companies are adding a focus on estimating individual customer lifetime value and offering them the products, designed according to the idea extracted from the evaluation of individuals preferences to make a good profit out of it. Companies now pay concentration on marketing scorecard with a view to interpreting what is happening to their market share, their rate of customer loss, satisfaction of consumer, quality of product relative to competitors and other measures. Since the late David Packard of Hewlett-Packard observed, Marketing is far too important to leave to the marketing department. Each employee has an effect on the customers and should value the clients as the resource of the companys prosperity. To build a purpose brand, companies are now relying more upon performance rather than advertising. New economy companies put much emphasis on customer retention than on customer acquisition. An increasing number of companies are making customer satisfaction a major priority. In short, todays market place is made for traditional consumers (those who do not purchase online), cyber consumers (who purchase online), and hybrid consumers (who performs the same). Hence most companies will need a presence for these offline and online to supply to these hybrid honorable consumers. Organizations need to rethink and revise their overall company strategy and within that, their marketing strategy. Ecommerce: According to Patricia Seybold, a management consultant, e-business is the sign of the opportunity and customer service will be its banner. Those who dont pay attention to the value of e-commerce in lasting the business world will be seriously exaggerated, and those who misjudge the importance of it will perish. Technological revolution of the marketplace has allowed a greater change and customization of the products, services and promotional messages than older marketing tools. It has helped the retailers to build up and maintain a good relationship with the consumers. Conducting commercial transaction via EDI was the first step to use technology in marketplace. Every now and then new technologies come along and replace the relatively older one or combining with it, create a new dimension and paves the way to new possibilities. Competition drives new technology and vice versa. E-commerce is a successively progressing and developing sector. It has added a new dimension in the marketplace to meet the consumers ever-changing demands. It makes the consumers way of shopping and buying much easier and consumers from any remote place can easily access the site, choose their things and begin shopping. Due to comfort and easiness, it has become an integral part of daily lives for some consumers. Moreover, for some products, online purchasing is more suitable. Online sellers can trade non-digital goods successfully and could make a good profit out of it. These products may include embarrassing objects or may be ordered from remote places. Every now and then market researches and surveys are conducted thoroughly by collecting consumers information observing their actions. A point-of-sales system provides information to stores which helps greatly in assuming buyer needs and achieving the goals. Technology gives the consumers ability to research on the products they cherish to buy. With this new technology, they have the power they never had before- the power to review and recheck the products endlessly along with videos and demos and to compare prices from thousands of other vendors within a very short time. Vendors also take advantage of the e-commerce since it doesnt need any live salesman and s/he can keep it open for business purpose 24/7 hours. Additionally, even retailers with small capital can establish an international or global reach with a simple website. For instance, local and national market in many countries conduct their business up to night but an online shop like e-bay is open 24/7 hours and people can visit and shop here at any time. E-business has made the international business door open to all. Internet has changed the way of business through targeted advertising. Companies can direct certain consumers/customers to their business site specifying some keywords and all these are possible by using Google. As for example, Amazon.com is sponsored by Google and therefore people, searching for buying products, will be redirected to that site. Despite the importance, flexibility and potentiality of the e-commerce and e-business, people have taken more time to adopt with this new environment than expected. Of many reasons behind this fact, accessibility and availability are the major key concern. Though it might be accessed from remote places, yet its accessibility and availability are extremely lows in the poor, under-developed and developing countries. There are also transaction and delivery problems. Security concern comes to mind whenever people go for any money-costing occasion like shopping and buying over internet. We frequently see such news of online bankrupting due to either security failure or virus attack in various renowned organizations and thats enough to scare off the people and awaken their fear of insecurity. As such many consumers hold back their shopping or buying, even after having good impression on the product, just thinking about the safety of the money. They feel awkward to use the credit card due t o concern about theft and fraud. Mostly marketers are unwilling to look through the eyes of the customer rather they look through their viewpoint and try to know their customers deeds instead of their needs and wants. When marketers tailor a product to meet the need of typically defined consumers from a geographic segment, it is uncertain whether the individual will buy the product or not. It only expresses the probability of purchasing. New products need to be introduced and developed for sure and marketers are too good at it but it is useless to consumers if it can not meet their demands. Lack of instant gratifying reaction on behalf of vendors often decreases the buyer number and amount of visitors. Even social status of the consumer and the social aspect of online and offline shopping influences the consumers profoundly. Many consumers prefer talking to salesman about the staff or to their cohorts for real which are not quite the same in online auction. Steps need to be taken to implement the market segmentation in the market place effectively to avoid the downturn. Failing to understand certain consequences will eventually lead to that situation. One of them is the failure to understand the customers. Failing to do so will hurt the consumers feeling and push back the potential customers. Products need to be improved but if one fails to realize the competitive situation and is unable to predict environmental reaction, the market share will surely fall down and it will raise problems in future. Thats what happened to the polythene industry in Bangladesh. Polythene bag was very much used and produced amply but suddenly awareness against global warming and environmental pollution was awakened in peoples mind and people started to rise against using polythene bag and eventually polythene industry came to halt. Both over-estimation of resource competence and under-estimation of time requirements are detrimental to marketing plan. Improper co-ordination, inability to follow a plan and inadequacy of e-valiability will downturn the market. Failure to obtain senior management and employee commitment is another key source. Customers demands have increased profoundly along with the entrance of new technology in the marketing over the years. Consumers intend to get it available all the time and if they dont, even for once, they will go for alternatives. So to grab the attraction of the consumer and retain it, availability of the products must be ensured. There are also quality and business to business (B2B) relation issues. To keep pace and compete with others, quality of products has to be ensured along with the consumer service. Otherwise, retailers will lose their share. RED could be findings .

Attention Deficit Disorder Essay -- essays research papers

Attention Deficit Disorder Approximately 3-5% of all American children have an Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). ADD is a leading cause of school failure and under-achievement. ADD characteristics often arise in early childhood. As many as 50% of children with ADD are never diagnosed. Boys significantly outnumber girls, though girls are more likely to be undiagnosed with ADD. "ADD is not an attention disorder, but a disorder of impulse control ( Seminar notes Barkeley) ." Characteristics of Attention Deficit Disorder can include : Fidgeting with hands or feet , difficulty remaining seated, awaiting turns in games, following through on instructions , shifting from one uncompleted task to another, difficulty playing quietly, interrupting conversations and intruding into other children's games, appearing to be not listening to what is being said, doing things that are dangerous without thinking about the consequences. Most scientist now believe that a brain dysfunction or abnormality in brain chemistry could be to blame for the symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder. The frontal lobes of the brain are thought to be most responsible for the regulation of behavior and attention. They receive information from the lower brain, which regulated arousal and screens incoming messages from within and outside of the body. The limbic system , a group of related nervous system structures located in the midbrain and linked to emotions and feelings, also sends messages to the frontal lobes. Finally, the frontal lobes are suspected to be the site of working memory, the place where information about the immediate environment is considered for memory storage, planning, and future-directed behavior. Scientist believe the activity in the frontal lobes is depressed in people with ADD. Studies show a decrease in the ability of the ADD brain to use glucose, the body's main source of energy, leading to slower and less efficient activity. Neurotransmitters provide the connection between one nerve cell and another. In essence, neurotransmitters allow electrical impulses to pass across synapses from one neuron to another. It is now suspected that people with Attention Deficit Disorder have a chemical imbalance of a class of neurotransmitters called ... ... important and effective interventions for a child with ADD. Effective training will teach parents how to apply strategies to manage their child's behavior and improve their relationship with their child. Without consistent structure and clearly defined expectations and limits, children with ADD can become quite confused about the behaviors that are expected of them. Making and keeping friends is a difficult task for children with ADD. A variety of behavioral excesses and deficits common to these children get in the way of friendships. They may talk too much, dominate activities, intrude in others' games, or quit a game before its done. They may be unable to pay attention to what another child is saying, not respond when someone else tries to initiate and activity, or exhibit inappropriate behavior. I decided to write my research paper on Attention Deficit Disorder because my four-year old step-brother has recently been diagnosed with the disorder. I hope that my relationship with my brother can become closer now that I have a better understanding of what he is suffering from.

Based on George Parks

Based on George Parks (2007) December article for Correction Today, the application of Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT) as a primary cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in corrections and recidivism . He recognizes that RP affords the implementation of evidenced based interventions in corrections but requires further refinement if it is to be expanded from its current application in offender programming. This would require further testing of RP programs and more importantly, a philosophical shift in criminal programs for the effectiveness of rehabilitation and social reintegration. Criminality is an issue that is continuing concern of any society. Considering the evidence suggesting the increase in repeat offenders and the degree of their crime, the demand to develop effective recidivism programs is well justified. Parks (2007) discusses RPT clearly and provides significant information regarding its application prevailing principles and practices in its application. However, though his discussion on the impact of RPT and related CBT based interventions, he does not provide statistical or actual performance evidence. Though this does not imply that his opinion is less valid, the urgency and importance of the issue would have been better communicated with the presentation of such data. Parks himself recognizes the need for new perspectives and insights to the issue of not only corrections and recidivism but also corrections and social support for offenders. There have been a numbers of suggestions to address the issue including the contradictions to RPT such as the increase in punitive measures for offenders. In the case of restorative justice programs, there has been a similar increase in the support for their application but there has been hesitation on their full implementation because of perceived risks and the management participation on inmates. RPT has an advantage over other perspectives since there is already substantial evidence of its effectivity and relatively has lower risks since people involved in the interventions are limited to offenders’ corrections and parole officers. The research’s orientation reflects a psychological perspective as evidenced by the focus on CBT approaches. It should be noted that orientation does not exclude other orientations, as it is apparent form Park’s discussion that he recognizes the value of various perspectives in the development of recidivism programs. For example, he sites that crime cycles should be studied based on the conditions that create offense scenarios which include social, political and criminological perspectives or orientations. The theoretical framework utilized by Park combines sociology and psychology. The latter is apparent in the programs the areas of correction he sees the potential for the application for RPT. This puts an emphasis on psychological strategies, indicated by his recommendation of CBT and CBT-based programs including RPT as well as Helen Annis’s structured relapse prevention (SRP). However, the actual intervention proposed utilizes sociological frameworks for implementation. He believes that there is significant change that offenders will be able to reform if they are able to learn the impact of their actions, their responsibility for it and the need for criminal justice programs to apply penalties for those who offend them. Park’s orientation also indicates his support for sociogenic collaborative programs in corrections and criminal recidivism. Park’s theoretical perspective and research orientation are consistent with each other. Like any other author or researcher, his research orientation is based on the theoretical perspective he employs in developing the study. Thus, the assumption that the researcher employs for the research are reflected in the orientation of the study, the way the collaborations for the program are constructed or are to operate and the determination of the desired outcomes of the programs. In the same way, an insight to the theoretical perspective of the author allows credible estimates to how the research will approach he subject matter. The literature review completed by Park and his opinion of them reflect his theoretical perspective and research orientation. In particular, his citation of the works of Annis, David Wexler, James McGuire, John A. Cunningham , Edward Zamble and of course the proponent of RPT, G. Alan Marlatts. Though Park does not make any distinct or overt contrary position against any research mentioned or otherwise in his studies, he constantly reiterates his belief of the need for further studies before extensive application of RPT can be done. One point he points out is the lack of large-scale cohort studies to support the intensified application of RPT in recidivism. As previously mentioned, one of the limitations of park’s study is the lack of quantitative data. Though considering the extent of the assessment he made of the existing literature, there is sufficient corroboration for the regard he has for RPT, CBT-based programs and the existing researches for the subject. Park’s analysis of the research and its related issues and concerns reflects his own extensive research and interest in the issue. His insights and conclusions are not surprising because similar conclusions about corrections, rehabilitation and recidivism are reflected in other researches. However, unlike some opinions on the issue, Park believes that offenders should be given allow the opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration. His sentiment is not just for humanitarian reasons but also recognized that the success of such interventions will reduce demands for correction facilities and programs. Written for popular readership, the research is quiet effective in delivering the need for correction and rehabilitation programs for offenders that will allow them to become productive and law-abiding members of society. Considering this, then Park’s avoidance of statistical or technical terms in RPT or CBT may be deliberate so as not to overwhelm his audience. Furthermore, this supports his objective of communicating the issue as social concern that needs collaborations of various social institutions as well as the public. The construction of Park’s arguments first highlights the significance of RPT in criminal justice systems then reflects the importance of the issue in society and among individual members of it. He points out that the objective of any criminal justice system is should go beyond apprehending and punishing offenders and extends to efforts that offenders are able to reform and become productive members of society. He then enumerates the requirements for the development of RPT programs that support these objectives and the insights that can be developed from existing research. In this article, Park contributes to readers’ understanding of the developing issue in corrections and recidivism, the perspective or researches being developed regarding it, and the potential of utilizing CBT-based interventions such as RPT. It highlights the need to review the relevance of programs and to streamline strategies to maximize the resources of criminal justice programs. There is also the realization of the increasing emphasis in rehabilitation of offenders instead of punitive measures which in turn reflects changes in social perspectives on criminality and corrections management. Park’s research is to be commended in its effort to reach a wider audience for an issue that has often been considered as a concern exclusively to the criminal justice field. Furthermore, his emphasis on the development of research, testing and collaborative programs lend a strong foundation as well as frameworks for the development of programs and interventions. The issue of recidivism, crime and rehabilitation is presented as in issue that affects all member of society not only offenders or their victims. In conclusion, Park’s work should be considered as an important foundation for further researchers on the topic and provides ample foundation for the analysis and development of RPT applications in criminal justice programs. REFERENCE Parks, George A. (2007). New approaches to using relapse prevention therapy in the criminal justice system. Corrections Today 69(6) December: 46(4)

My Favorite Qubcois Canadian French Expressions

My Favorite Qubcois Canadian French Expressions As Quebec French language is very rich and full of nuances, it is difficult to choose a few representative phrases. Nevertheless, after much debate, this is my top list. These expressions are difficult to translate, so make sure you read the example to really get the meaning. I also added the French from France equivalent whenever I could. Enjoy! Michel is French and Canadian. He lives in the gorgeous island of Belle-Isle in Brittany where he offers  French immersion. He also taught at McGill in Montreal where he also spends a few months each year. 1 -  Avoir de la misà ¨reJ’ai ben d’la misà ¨re jouer au tennisLiteral translation: I have a lot of misery playing tennisIt means: I’ve got difficulty playing tennis.â€Å"Ben† comes from bien and means â€Å"beaucoup†, a lot of.In â€Å"franà §ais de France†, one would say : j’ai du mal jouer au tennis. 2 -  Avoir son voyageJ’ai mon voyage! Literal translation: I’ve got my trip, I have traveled.It indicates that you are surprised, or that you are fed up.In franà §ais de France, one would say : à §a alors! (to indicate surprise) Or j’en ai marre ! (to say youre fed up). 3 -  Le boss des bà ©cossesIl se prend pour le boss des bà ©cosses. Literal translation: he thinks he is the toilets boss.One would say that about someone who wants to lead a group of people who do not want any leader. Les bà ©cosses, a familiar feminine plural word, comes from the English word back-house and means toilets. 4 - C’est l’fonne!C’est ben l’fonne It’s really fun. See the Quà ©bà ©cois transformation of the English word fun into fonne, the word that doesnt exist at all in French from France. Note however that Canadian use both spellings, fun (more common) or fonne.The opposite phrase would be: c’est platte. It literally means it is flat (from the literal translation plat, but put in a Quà ©bà ©cois way...) but really means it is dull. Continues on page 2 Continued from Page 1 5 - En titiIl est riche en titi.It means he is very rich, so en titi means very.The origin of this adverbial phrase is unknown. 6 - Être aux oiseauxQuand il à ©coute de la musique, il est aux oiseauxWhen he listens to music, he belongs to birdsIt means to be very happy, ecstatic.In French from France,  one would say aux anges (with the angels). 7 - Ya du monde la messeQuand ya des soldes, ya du monde la messe.When there are sales, there are people for Mass.It means its crowded. Note the common street French way to say (sometimes even write ya instead of il-y-a. This is true for both Canadian and French from France French)In French from France, one would say il y a foule. I will be adding more expressions soon, so be informed of new articles, make sure you subscribe to my newsletter (its easy, you just enter your email address - look for it its somewhere on the French language homepage) or follow me on my social network pages below. I post exclusive mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest pages - so press the links below - talk to you there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchToday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/ More articles I wrote about Canadian French: - Dialogue in French Canadian ≠  Franà §ais de France English translation- My favorite French Canadian Expressions- 7 Best French Canadian Idioms- Love in Quà ©bà ©cois French

Karma And Samsara Essays - Shabda, Reincarnation, Karma In Hinduism

Karma And Samsara Essays - Shabda, Reincarnation, Karma In Hinduism Karma And Samsara The belief in Karma and Samsara form the basis for the Hindus religious worldview. It has been central to Hinduism for thousands of years, and as a result forms a major part in the philosophical thinking of many Hindus today. The ideas of Karma and Samsara are evident in almost all of the great Hindu scriptures, being touched on in the Vedas, but first properly introduced in the Upanishads. When the idea of Samsara was first introduced it led to a quest for liberation through the practice of austerity or meditation or both. To be released form this life the Hindus needed to wipe out the effects of their past actions or Karma. It is this set of beliefs that formed the background of many of Hindus religious movements and beliefs. Karma is the belief according to which a persons future life is determined by past and present actions. Every action, bodily, intellectual or ethical, good or bad, big or small will have its effect. Nothing other than the effects of earlier actions has determined the present state of affairs and nothing other than the present actions will determine the future circumstances. The law of Karma allows no room for chance or divine intervention as everything is inevitably determined by it. The Brhardaranyaka Upanisad simply sates By good actions one becomes good, by bad actions one becomes bad(4.4.5) (Koller 1982: 59). Intertwined with belief in Karma is the idea of Samsara, which is the cycle of repeated births and deaths that subjects an individual not merely to one death but to innumerable deaths (Koller 1982:9). Hindus believe that as a person dies the Atman (the unconscious, immaterial part of a human) carries the results of their good and bad actions (Karma) into their next existence. This previous Karma will determine what sort of position a Hindu will occupy in their new existence, for example, if a person in a low caste has been very good in their past existence they will be born into a higher caste in their next life. The ideas of Karma and Samsara have justified the unequal Caste system, which has been an integral part of Indian society for hundreds of years. At the time of the Rig Veda (the earliest Hindu scriptures around 1000 B.C.E) (Smart 1989: 60) the key concepts of Karma and Samsara had not actually been stated. However, it does mention that a persons conduct in this world determines his life after death. The brahmins (the religious leaders) stressed the importance of the sacred act of sacrificing which was supposed to have a bearing on mans fate in the next world, and consequently the Satapatha Brahmana 11.1.8,6, states that the Sacrifice becomes the self of the sacrificer in the next world(Stutley 1985: 23). So, even at this early stage of Hinduism, the idea of Karma played an important role in the Hindus worldview. It was not until the Upanishads (the principal ones dating from 800-400B.C.E) (Smart 1989:49) that we first meet with the doctrines of Karma and Samsara. The Upanishads are concerned essentially with the meaning of the sacrificial rites, and come to the conclusion that knowledge in the true reality is the key rather than expertise in rituals like the Rig Vedas were. In the process they introduce profound metaphysical and religious ideas, such as Karma and Samsara. The Chandogya Upanisad sums up the ideas of Karma and Samsara those who are of pleasant conduct here the prospect is indeed that they will enter a pleasant womb, either the womb of a Kshatriya or the womb of a Vaisya (high Indian Castes). But those who are of a striking conduct here the prospect is indeed, that, they will enter the womb of a dog, or the womb of a swine, or the womb of an outcast(Lipner 1994: 45). The central concept in the Upanishads is that of Brahman. Brahman is the highest truth, the eternal being on which all other beings depend on. Brahman is the same as the atman, in other words, that ultimate being out there, is the same as that eternal something within you. The goal for many Hindus became at this time to gain Moksha (release from Samsara) which

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Change theory - Assignment Example As such, people have to be made aware of the proposed changes and benefits and develop higher efficiency in them through motivation and in-depth understanding of the situation. Exchange of information and communication forms the key component of nursing and patient care. Bedside handovers constitute an essential part of this process whereby nurses provide relevant and latest patient information and health data to other nurses resuming the second or the third shift. Traditionally, bedside handovers comprised majorly of in-charge nurses providing the details. However, it lacked individualized care, psychosocial components of nursing and in a way; two-way interaction was absent (Chaboyer et al. 2009). Another shortcoming is the requirement of in-charge nurse to be present to handover the clinical details to the resuming nurse. But sometimes, it leads to irrelevant and outdated details which cause dissatisfaction among patients that they are not being properly taken care of. Further, information was not available to others involved who might need it any time and can have access even without the presence of the nurse in-charge. This calls for a change in the practice of bedside handovers whereby the way of reporting and communicating patient clinical information has to be addressed (Chaboyer et al. 2009). Apart from verbal information, it will take into account other modes which can deliver information on the current status of patients, better bed side reporting techniques and more personalized attention to the patients (Appendix 1). Various theories are applied to various planned changes. However, all change theories are not standard fit that can be applied on every project. As for this case, the need for change has been recognized by the management which has to be communicated to the nurses and patients first. Though there are several change models like Lewin’s model of unfreezing, moving and freezing; Lippitt’s Theory of introducing a

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Settlement of the power conflict between top management of Cathay and pilots Essay Example for Free

Settlement of the power conflict between top management of Cathay and pilots Essay 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information Since 1993, Cathay Pacific Airways Limited (Cathay) has experienced the threat of industrial actions initiated by unions. On 1 July 2001, another industrial action was commenced, resulted in a three-month chaos in Hong Kongs tourist industry. Being the representatives of the pilots of Cathay, Mr Nigel Demery, the President of Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Association (HKAOA), informed Cathays top management that the pilots refused to accept Cathays new pay proposal. Members of the HKAOA have decided to commence industrial actions to force Cathays top management to accept their demand. The event was followed by a sharp increase of pilots reporting sick leaves. Unlike previous industrial actions, Cathays top management held firm to their original standpoint and dismissed 52 pilots and chartered additional aircraft to moderate the problem of pilots reporting sick and absence from work. However, the incident did not come to an end. On the contrary, the problem escalated when HKAOA reacted by announcing support of the sacked pilots by taking legal actions against Cathay for the unfair dismissal. The pilots industrial action caused a financial loss of US$12.8 million to Cathay each day. In fact, this was not the first time for the pilots to use industrial actions as a mean to press the top management in accepting their demands. Three industrial actions have been taken place since 1999. These frequent industrial actions have not only caused financial loss, but also harmed the companys overall reputation. Table 1 provides a summary of the industrial actions that has been taken place since 1993. 2. OBJECTIVES 2.1 Objectives The chief objectives of this report include: Settlement of the power conflict between top management of Cathay and pilots Moderate the power of pilots in order to avoid or reduce industrial actions in future 2.2 Analysis of the Existing positions of both parties Luthans (1992, p.426) said that formal organizations are highly political and power is the name of the game. Managers and non-managers in an organization often manipulate power to accomplish goals. Cathays top management holds legitimate, reward and coercive power to perform various specific tasks and decisions. Legitimating refers to an upward appeal, which adds weight to an influence attempt by showing support from senior managers, rules or procedures.1 On the other hand, coercive power means the using of threats, intimidation and coercion to gain compliance.2 In the recent industrial action, the top management tried to utilize their legitimate and coercive power to gain pilots compliance. Apart from the effectiveness of this position-based power strategy, the use of coercive power always causes negative consequences such as weakening relationships. In contrast, the pilots hold strong expert power. Pilots have high-value expertise. Referring to the strategic contingencies model3 which focused on individual power and how it is obtained, the subunits that are most central to the flow of work in an organization acquires power. The major revenue of Cathay comes from passenger and cargo services. It is impossible for an aircraft to operate without a pilot. The past industrial actions showed the strength of pilots expert power. Thus, the power conflict between top management and pilots must be settled in the long run. Besides, Cathays pilots manipulated the coalition strategy to accomplish their goals. HKAOA is a typical coalition of pilots. At present, Cathay employs 1,500 pilots, more than 75% of the pilots are members of the HKAOA. Thus, each industrial action evoked by HKAOA has caused a significant impact on Cathays business and reputation. Given the fact that the majority of the general public was of the view that the pilots have been over-demanding and created much chaos to the tourist industry in Hong Kong (According to the interview results as well as from the media), it is a good opportunity for Cathay to take advantage of the situation and to moderate the power of the unions. 3. SOURCE OF INFORMATION 3.1 Source of Information This report is based on both primary and secondary information from various means. This includes:- ? Interview with representatives of both Cathay and the HKAOA. ? Annual Interim Reports of Cathay ? Newspapers ? Magazines and Journals ? Cathay Pacific Airways Official Web Site 4. FINDINGS Our findings are mainly based on the following sources:- * Interview Findings * Financial data published in the Next Magazine as showed at Tables 1-5. * Review of Cathays existing policies and procedures as showed in Appendix 1. 4.1 Interview Findings 4.1.1 Interviews with HKAOA (Interviewee: Mr. Spurrier M.) ? According to HKAOA, Cathay was intimidated by aggressive interviews by managers about delays; ? For other managers or employees acting on Cathays instructions had followed pilots into the cockpit to watch them doing flight checks even though they did not possess the required qualifications to know what was necessary, as such, prosecutions for those people may be possible under the safety law of Air Navigation Ordinance as intimidation risked distracting pilots from their jobs; ? The pay demand was reasonable to Cathay; 4.1.2. Interviews with Cathay Management (Interviewee: Mr. Tang) ? Many crews were being put under extreme pressure to sign the HKAOAs lawyers letter; ? Cathays net recurring profits has already been forecasted to fall by 20% to 25% in 2001 due to the global economic downturn; ? The pay demand of HKAOA was unacceptable; 4.1.3. Interviews with the Human Resources Department (Interviewee: Mr. Chau) ? Employees remuneration represented about 25% of Cathays Total Operating Expenses; 4.1.4. Interviews with a Cathay passengers (Interviewee: Mr. Lee) ? The respondent described the pilots pay demand as unreasonable while the economy was still recovering; ? He complained that the pilots threat of industrial action had thrown his holiday plans into chaos and the pilots union was selfish especially during peak travel seasons; 4.1.5. Interview with Tourists Right Association ? They said that industrial actions would not gain the support of the general public and would only injure Hong Kongs reputation and tourism industry; ? They claimed with anger that the pilots earned well in Hong Kong, but tried to endanger Hong Kong tourism industry; 4.1.6. Media Comments from the Next Magazine, Hong Kong ? Analysts said it would be hard for the pilots to pressure Cathay into roistering changes because of the financial implications; 5. SWOT ANALYSIS OF CATHAY 5.1 SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis may help management to identify the companys strengths and weaknesses against its major competitors in the industry and to explore the opportunities and threats for effective strategic planning purposes. The analysis has been summarized from our findings and observations by various means as mentioned in Section 4 of this report. The SWOT analysis is mainly based on our observation and analysis on the financial information provided in Cathays annual report and from that of the Next Magazine. 5.1.1 Strengths ? Strong management team such as the director of corporate development, Tony Tyler, has implemented tough policy; ? Code share agreements with a number of other international airlines to provide greater flexibility such as British Airways, Japan Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, South African Airways. Swissair, THY Turkish Airlines; ? With the decisions made to cut schedules and bring in charter aircrafts, the level of flight disruptions and delays have been considerably reduced, and the effect on sickness levels have to reduce; ? With the prevention from government regarding overseas airlines in carrying passengers in Hong Kong to other destinations, Cathay became a price maker; 5.1.2. Weaknesses ? Existence of Tenure employment contracts strengthen pilots power; ? Contracts are issued to pilots according to HKAOAs instructions, for example, all newly recruited pilots must start from the entry post of a Junior Pilot regardless of his/her previous experience; ? Long history of tolerance to pilots for their industrial actions created wrong perception to pilots that industrial action was an effective way in request for a demand; ? Lack of local pilots as substitutes in time of strike; ? High cost of training a Cadet Pilot (approximately US$128K); ? Huge amount of financial interest of about US$1.3 million a day and labor cost of US$2 million per day; 5.1.3. Opportunities ? Prolonged industrial action created unnecessary anxiety to passengers and the public, resulting in the loss of confidence in pilots and its union; ? Insufficient coalition between the union and pilots as not all the pilots are willing to participate in the industrial actions; ? As pilots were sacked, Cathay could recruit pilots at a lower cost; ? Intensive trainings were held in an Adelaide aviation training school; ? Only a 3-year contract for new recruitment could be signed; ? More better experienced pilots can be recruited with closure of airlines subsequent to the 911 tragedy in America. 5.1.4. Threats ? The corporate image was spoiled by the HKAOA strike; ? As flights were delayed or suspended, loyal customers have been lost, resulted in loss of competitiveness; ? Aviation market has been opened up for competition; ? Owing to the pilots expertise, substitutes would be extremely difficult in the case of sickness; ? The pilots are forced to sign a letter drafted by the HKAOAs lawyers to Cathay and were intimidated by having their names as non-signers on its website when they refused to sign; ? The unions source of income was supported by the membership fee from 80% of the 1,500 pilots at 1% of their income and was proposed to increase the contribution up to 5%; 6. PROBLEM-SHOOTING AND RECOMMENTDATIONS 6.1 Problems Difficulties ? The industrial action has been too powerful for the company to deal with. This was evidenced in the prolonged action that has caused substantial damage to the tourism industry; ? High level of dependency on foreign pilots to carry their passengers; ? The HKAOA vowed no resolution to the Cathay dispute unless all the pilots who have been unfairly dismissed were reinstated. 6.2 Recommendations and Strategies Our recommendations are made to achieve 3 chief objectives:- i) Strengthen the power of the company ii) Weaken the power of the pilots iii) Building-up relations with the pilots 6.2.1 Strengthen the power of the company In order to strengthen the power of Cathay, playing games will be a good tactic. Authority game can be used to resist the power of the pilot. History indicated that Cathay lost in 3 industrial actions (from 1993 to 2000), as the company did not resist the power of the other party. Hence, the company original policy should be strictly adhered in order to win the game. In July 2001, Cathay proved that the Authority Game tactic was feasible with its firm adherence to its proposed pay, benefits and roistering package with up to 9% increment (Table 2 showed the salary package as proposed by Cathay). On the other hand, Cathay has publicly refused to consider negotiating with the pilots again unless they withdrew their industrial action. Besides, Cathay may consider using the coalition-building game to form alliance with other airlines, preferably nearby airlines. Coalition game is another power-base game to increase power through forming of alliances or coalitions with groups within the subunits of the company or groups outside the organization.4 Cathay can then enjoy immediate assistance by chartering additional aircrafts and rebook passengers on other aligned airlines. This increases the flexibility for Cathay even if HKAOA imposes further destructive actions. Moreover, all airlines should agree not to hire bad-listed pilots. Furthermore, Cathay can inform outsiders about the injustice and irresponsible actions of pilots via a whistle-blowing tactic. Firstly, they should let the public know the prospect and earnings of a qualified pilot, i.e. create a high-income earner image for the pilots (Table 3), during recruitment of cadet pilots. In general, the general public will not accept high-income earners taking industrial actions to fight for salary increment. Secondly, they may let the media know that more than 10,000 passengers were adversely affected by the industrial action in July 2001. Besides, joint efforts with the Government are required to show the economic damage to Hong Kong during the industrial action. 6.2.2. Weaken the power of the pilots Political influences are a good way to conform the pilots to meet organizational value. This can be done by position-based influence strategies through pressure and threats in return for compliance. Besides, coercive power depends on fear. During the industrial action in July 2001, 52 pilots were sacked without any reasons. The action tended to show the firm position of Cathay and intimidated the pilots to accept the offer. Since Cathay could afford to pay sacked pilots a better than most package, as the Hong Kong labor laws offered the company with certain flexibility. This implies that further dismissal of pilots is possible. The enforcement of pressure and threat can be achieved by the issuance of written statement warning that lateness will not be tolerated as this would breach of the employment contracts, which may in turn lead to dismissal. Moreover, the announcement of cutting foreign-based pilots is a feasible alternative. Another way is to abolish the tenure employment so as to reduce pilots employment security. The new employment proposal is a three-year contract for newly employed pilots. Renewal of contract is subject to performance, i.e. diluting the portion of permanent pilots. Substitutability refers to the ability to engage other pilots to perform the job of the existing pilots.5 This implies that if Cathay has or can obtain alternative sources of pilots to perform the job done by the existing pilots, the pilots union can be diminished. Therefore, Cathay can consider hiring pilots from other airlines, who have been sacked during the redundancy programs, e.g. America Airline, Continental Airlines, etc. The reduction in the dependency on foreign pilots becomes the most important aspect of power which is a function of dependency. This is because the greater Cathays dependency on the foreign pilots, the greater the pilot unions power has over Cathay. It can be observed that in August 2001, 10 local pilots have completed their Cadet Pilot Programme at BAE SYSTEMS Flight Training in Adelaide, South Australia. The 10 graduates brought the number of cadet pilots who have graduated from Cathay Pacifics training programme to almost 150 since its first launch in 1988. Cathays investment brings long-term commitment to develop Hong Kong aviation industries as well as reducing the dependency of the majority of the 90% overseas pilots. Obviously, foreign pilots are the source of power. Rule of thumb, if Cathay can have its own local pilot team, Cathay will not reply to hire the pilots from overseas. The sources of pilot unions will be diluted. Therefore, it is very important to speed-up the training of Cathays own local pilots team. 6.2.3 Develop relations with the pilots Building up better relationship with pilots is a long-term solution. This can be achieved through interpersonal influence. With the application of position-based influence strategies, Cathay can offer rewards or benefits in exchange/return for pilots compliance. Rewards can be anything that another person values which is the opposite of coercive power. In Cathays case, rewards can be monetary rewards, fringe benefits, favorable promotion prospects, flexible shifts or flight territories. If the company can give someone something of positive value or remove something of negative value, the company will have reward power over that person. Emphasis should be made on the fact that Cathays pilots are still the most expensive pilots when comparing to other American and European Airlines. This has been achieved during all public announcement and negotiation (as shown in Table 4 and Table 5). Motivating the pilots is crucial to Cathays long-term success. It is important to build up common goals and values to obtain support or commitment with personal-centered strategies. These are strategies that rely on an individuals characteristics and abilities to access expert and referent power bases, or inspirational appeals and consultation.6 One suggestion is that the pilot s remuneration package should split into basic salary and performance bonus, which relates to the company s annual profit. The outcome, consensus or agreement can be achieved through Normalization. Normalization influence can gradually change the opinions and the behaviour of pilots by reciprocal process and informational influence to achieve conformity.7 In fact, coercive and reward powers are counterparts of each other. If Cathay can remove the Unions powerful/dominant value from pilots or inflict negative values upon them, Cathay will have coercive power over them. As mentioned earlier, legitimate appeal can add weight over influence attempt by showing support of the senior management. Cathay may provide indication to the general public that the pilots are under intolerable pressure from Unions. First, it can be done through media to pronounce the number of calls that management had received complaints from pilots on managing Unions intimidation. Alternatively, it will be a good tactic for management to show care and understanding of pilots difficulties and to encourage them to follow the instructions from HKAOA by signing the lawyers letters back to Cathay. Lastly, ethical success will confront ethical dilemmas by the referent-powered management, like Mr. Tony Tyler. It is important that emphasis should be stress on Cathays pilots, Unions and the general public that the current package offered by Cathay is the best. The termination of industrial action is for the good benefits of pilots, passengers and the public instead of Cathay itself, which meets the utilitarian outcome. The packages offered allow the pilots an option to choose for their terms of package. The emphasis is on fairness, freedom of choice and individual rights. No strict rules for the pilots. In return, the dismissal of industrial action is expected from pilots. Message may be made to the general public with emphasis that Cathay has confidence over the pilots professionalism and legitimate power. They will be responsible for their actions. In addition, Cathay may show appreciation for those pilots who have filled in for their absent colleagues. 7. SUMMARY 7.1 Summary Since 1999, Cathay encountered threat from industrial strikes every few years (Table 1). Cathay compromised with HKAOA in the previous three strikes and gave in to the HKAOA industrial actions. This year, the fourth industrial action organized by HKAOA with an aim to fight for higher pilots salary increment and shorter working hours have caused Cathay loss of over millions of profits, not to mention the damage on its reputation and the loss of significant market share to major competitors. (Appendix 1 provides a summary of the vision of Cathay and its traffic figures from June to November 2001) This report has examined the current power between Cathay and HKAOA and accordingly recommended Cathays management to take proper actions to counter HKAOAs industrial action and to end HKAOAs threats in future. We have interviewed both the Cathays management and HKAOAs representative and gathered necessary information from other public means. We then evaluated these information to perform a SWOT analysis and based on it defined the problems facing by Cathay in its current situation. In general, Cathay is facing a powerful union, which has a very strong bargaining power due to the pilots expertise power. Hence, we have recommended Cathay to deploy political games to strengthen the companys power and to weaken the power of the pilots. In addition, we have recommended management to build up a long-term co-operative relationship with the pilots after the power struggle. By doing so, we trust Cathay can end this industry actions in a reasonable period and to prevent the same problem happen again in future. 8. REFERENCE BIBIOGRAPHY 8.1 REFERENCE Interviewee: Mr. Chau W., Director of Personnel, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd. Interviewee: Mr. Lee, passenger of Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd. Interviewee: Mr. Spurrier M., Image Director of HKAOA. Interviewee: Mr. Tang A., Director of Corporation Planning, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd. Luthans F. (1992). Organization Behavior 6th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. 8.2 BIBIOGRAPHY Annual Report 2001, Cathay Pacific Airways Limited Botton V. Agencies, Cathay chaos may start today South China Morning Post, 3rd July 2001. Botton V., Pilots put battle plan into action South China Morning Post, 4th July 2001. Botton V. Agencies, Cathay may ground all flights South China Morning Post, 22 September 2001. Botton V., Cathay warns it may close foreign bases, South China Morning Post, 28 September 2001. Botton V., Secret Cathay peace talks fail South China Morning Post, 29 September 2001. Bowman J., Cathay turns screw on pilots South China Morning Post, 30th June 2001. Bowman J., Union denied access to Cathay mail boxes South China Morning Post, 3rd July 2001. Cheng A., Narrow nationalistic views clouding the Cathay issue South China Morning Post, 19th July 2001. Cheung C.F., Thousand stranded at airport South China Morning Post, 8th July 2001 Cheung J., Dispute may open extra routes South China Morning Post, 8th July 2001 Interim Report 2001, Cathay Pacific Airways Limited Ivancevich, J., Olekalns, M. Matheson, M. 2000, Organizational Behavior and Management, 1st Aust. Ed, Irwin, Sydney Lai C.Y., Cathay Strike, Next Magazine, 28th June, 2001. Lai C.Y., Cathay vs HKAOA Next Magazine, 12th July,2001. Lo J., Rostering and overtime remain key issue in Cathay negotiation South China Morning Post, 4th July 2001. Luthans, F., 1992, Organizational Behavior, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. Mintzberg H., 1983, Power in and around Organizations, Prentice-Hall, N.J., USA. Mullins, L., 1989, Management and Organizational Behavior, Pitman, Great Britain Pfeffer J., 1981, Power in Organizations, Pitman Publishing, M.A. USA. Porter L.W., Lawler E.E., and Hackman J.R. 1975, Behavior in Organizations, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., USA. Kotter P. 1987, The Empowered Manager, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, USA. Reuters, Airline job cuts hit Europe South China Morning Post, 21 September 2001 Robbins S. P., 1994, Organizational behavior, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, N.J, USA. See http://www.cathaypacific.com Tichy N.M., 1986, The Transformational Leader, N.Y., USA. 1Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management, 1st Aust ed., McGraw-Hill, pg. 401. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid, pg 393. 4.Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.403. 5 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.395. 6 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.401. 7 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.397.