How Nuclear Power Works :: essays research papers

How Nuclear Power WorksNuclear power plants provide just about 17 percent of the worlds electricity. Some countries depend more on nuclear power for electricity than others. In France, for instance, about 75 percent of the electricity is generated from nuclear power, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency. In the United States, nuclear power supplies about 15 percent of the electricity overall, but some states protrude more power from nuclear plants than others. There are more than 400 nuclear power plants around the world, with more than 100 in the United States.The dome-shaped containment edifice at the Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant near Raleigh, NCHave you ever wondered how a nuclear power plant works or how safe nuclear power is? In this article, we will examine how a nuclear reactor and a power plant work. Well explain nuclear fission and give you a view inside a nuclear reactor.UraniumUranium is a fairly common element on Earth, incorporated into the plane t during the planets formation. Uranium is to begin with formed in stars. Old stars exploded, and the dust from these shattered stars aggregated together to form our planet. Uranium-238 (U-238) has an extremely long half-life (4.5 billion years), and therefore is still present in fairly large quantities. U-238 makes up 99 percent of the uranium on the planet. U-235 makes up about 0.7 percent of the remaining uranium found naturally, while U-234 is eve more rare and is formed by the decay of U-238. (Uranium-238 goes through many stages or of import and beta decay to form a stable isotope of lead, and U-234 is whiz link in that chain.)Uranium-235 has an interesting property that makes it useful for both nuclear power production and for nuclear bomb production. U-235 decays naturally, just as U-238 does, by alpha radiation. U-235 also undergoes spontaneous fission a small percentage of the time. However, U-235 is one of the few materials that can undergo induced fission. If a free n eutron runs into a U-235 karyon, the nucleus will absorb the neutron without hesitation, become unstable and split immediately. See How Nuclear Radiation Works for complete details.Nuclear FissionThe animation below shows a uranium-235 nucleus with a neutron approaching from the top. As soon as the nucleus captures the neutron, it splits into two lighter atoms and throws off two or three new neutrons (the bout of ejected neutrons depends on how the U-235 atom happens to split).

People Are Sheep :: miscellaneous

People Are SheepEvery person everywhere in the United States is consumed by what the media tells them what to do, what to wear, where to go to shop. People will swear up and down that they want to have their own identity, and they will even go to expectant lengths to attain it, yet, inevitably, they all fall into a clique with millions of others. Nobody wants to be a follower, but in terms of youth culture, nobody can real be a true leader. Nobody, that is, except the media. The American people, young and old alike, line up like sheep and follow the media shepherd wherever it leads. After a pathetic plea from my 13-year-old brother, I reluctantly agreed to take him and a few of his buddies to the mall to shop for basketball stead. Although taking a slew of opinionated, loud-mouthed, smart-aleck teenagers shop was not high on my priority list, spending clock time with my little brother was. So off to the mall we went. On the way the increasingly louder arguments all over which d ress were the best made me want to drive my car straight into a tree. The one topic that kept rolling media presuaded tounges was that of the many different shoes they had seen on television. Thats when it hit me, my brother and his buddies were being led to slaughter --the mall-- by the media shepherd. As we pulled into the parking space at the mall, I barely had time to put the car in park before my crazed passengers, a pack of teenaged hooligans, barreled out of the car and raced for the door. By the time I caught up to my mob of shoe shoppers they were already in a shoe store, each with a different shoe in hand. My little brother had already strapped a pair of hideous shoes to his feet and was bouncing around the store acting like he was Kobe Bryant. I asked him if he liked the way the shoes looked, or even if they were at least comfortable, and his reply was, who cares? Kobe Bryant wears them so theyre awesome. I gave the shoes a closer inspection, because if they were untroub led enough for Kobe Bryant, they were good enough for my little brother. At least in my little brothers mind. When I peered at the price tag my knees got weak, and I nearly fell over.

Al Capone :: essays research papers

ALPHONSE CAPONE a.k.a. AL, SCARFACE Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899, of an immigrant family. He lived with his father Gabriele and Mother Teresa and his chum salmons and sisters. Al did quite well in school until the sixth brand when his steady record of Bs deteriorated rapidly. At fourteen, he lost his huskiness at the teacher, she hit him and he hit her back. He was expelled and n constantly went to school again. About this time, his family locomote from their theater on Navy Street to 21 Garfield Place. This course would have a lasting impact on Al because in this vernal nearness he would meet the people who would have the most deviate on his future his wife Mae and the gangster Johnny Torrio. A few blocks away from the Capone house on Garfield Place was a small unobtrusive mental synthesis that was the headquarters of one of the most successful gangsters on the East Coast. Johnny Torrio was a new breed of gangster, a pioneer in the development of a modern criminal enterprise. He was a role model for many boys in the community. Capone, equal many other boys his age, earned pocket money by running errands for Johnny Torrio. Over time, Torrio came to trust the tender Capone and gave him more to do. Meantime, young Al intentional by observing the wealthy successful respected conduct and the people in his organization. In 1909, Torrio moved to Chicago and young Al fell below other influences. At this point in his life, nobody would ever have believed that Al would go on to be the criminal czar that he at long last became. For approximately six years he worked faithfully at exceptionally boring jobs, first at a munitions factory and then as a paper cutter. Eventually he met a guy named Frankie Yale. He opened up a bar called Harvard Inn. And he hired Al to be a bartender. Capones job at the Harvard Inn was to be the bartender and bouncer and, when necessary, to wait on tables. In his first year, Capone became popular with his boss and the cu stomers. Then his luck off suddenly when he waited on the table of a young couple. The girl was beautiful and the young Capone was entranced. He leaned over her and said, "Honey, you have a nice backside and I mean that as a compliment." The man with her was her brother Frank Gallucio.Al Capone essays research papers ALPHONSE CAPONE a.k.a. AL, SCARFACE Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899, of an immigrant family. He lived with his father Gabriele and Mother Teresa and his brothers and sisters. Al did quite well in school until the sixth grade when his steady record of Bs deteriorated rapidly. At fourteen, he lost his temper at the teacher, she hit him and he hit her back. He was expelled and never went to school again. About this time, his family moved from their house on Navy Street to 21 Garfield Place. This move would have a lasting impact on Al because in this new neighborhood he would meet the people who would have the most influence on his future his wife Mae and th e gangster Johnny Torrio. A few blocks away from the Capone house on Garfield Place was a small unobtrusive building that was the headquarters of one of the most successful gangsters on the East Coast. Johnny Torrio was a new breed of gangster, a pioneer in the development of a modern criminal enterprise. He was a role model for many boys in the community. Capone, like many other boys his age, earned pocket money by running errands for Johnny Torrio. Over time, Torrio came to trust the young Capone and gave him more to do. Meantime, young Al learned by observing the wealthy successful respected racketeer and the people in his organization. In 1909, Torrio moved to Chicago and young Al fell under other influences. At this point in his life, nobody would ever have believed that Al would go on to be the criminal czar that he ultimately became. For approximately six years he worked faithfully at exceptionally boring jobs, first at a munitions factory and then as a paper cutter. Eventual ly he met a guy named Frankie Yale. He opened up a bar called Harvard Inn. And he hired Al to be a bartender. Capones job at the Harvard Inn was to be the bartender and bouncer and, when necessary, to wait on tables. In his first year, Capone became popular with his boss and the customers. Then his luck turned suddenly when he waited on the table of a young couple. The girl was beautiful and the young Capone was entranced. He leaned over her and said, "Honey, you have a nice ass and I mean that as a compliment." The man with her was her brother Frank Gallucio.

Smith’s Division of Labour Essay -- Essays Papers

Smiths Division of LabourAccording to Smith, there atomic number 18 three reasons why the surgical incision of labour increases productivity. First, Smith attests that the division of labour increases dexterity within the workplace. By dexterity, Smith means that an individual performing one task repetitively can accomplish that task fast-paced than an individual who attempts to accomplish all tasks by himself. Carpentry is a prime example of Smiths division of labour. It may take an individual an stallion day to complete one chair to cut, route, and sand the boards. Then to glue, screw, and finish the chair. If the job of reservation the chair was divided up between different individuals apiece performing one task, then the number of chairs completed in a single day would increase dramatically.Second, Smith believed that the division of labour saves time. When one art object must perform every task, it takes time to move between the different stations necessary to comp lete the task. Furthermore, changing jobs or tasks within the workplace causes mental problems. It takes time for someone to adjust to a different task, whereas an individual who only performs one task never has the need to readjust. Take the carpenter for example after(prenominal) cutting the boards to shape he must then move to route and sand the boards. The adjustment from cutting the boards to sanding the boards is a complete mental transition. Different tools, motions, and locations are necessary in order to sand the boards as opposed to cut the boards. The transition between tasks wastes valuable time and money. Another time-wasting element of the workplace without a division of labour is mans intrinsic tendency to take breaks between jobs or tasks. The transition between diff... ... process is to make a fleece finishing which keeps a day labourer warm so that he, again, can start the chain of economic processes. Within each step of the woolen coat or chair const ruction, there exists a dissipate division of labor as well. In order to gather the lumber, there are dozens of separate steps necessary. Someone must cut down the tree, and then one must stack the tree into a truck. After which, one must go the truck to the lumber yard. Then the trees must be cut into boards. Then the boards must be stacked and watered it is an endless chain of responsibilities. Again, according the Smith, the some beneficial manner in which to accomplish these steps is to have one individual occupy each step. Therefore, it becomes apparent that there are thousands of individuals whose work goes into making something as simple as a woolen coat or a chair.

Comparing Relationships in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India and Virg

Comparing Relationships in E. M. Forsters A departure to India and Virginia Woolfs To the LighthouseE. M. Forsters A Passage to India and Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse are concerned with the lack of intimacy in relationships. Forsters novel is set in English-run India, the difference amid race and culture being the center of disharmony. Woolfs novel is set in a familys summer house, the difference between genders being the center of disharmony. Despite this difference of scale, the disharmonies are much the same. Unity and intimacy are intertwined in both novels. Whereas the definitions of intimacy vary with each person, altogether of the characters strive for unity through their relations with others. The difference in ideas of intimacy are what prevent unity from being achieved. For the Indians, intimacy is a sharing of possessions and in-person information that acknowledges equality. For the English, intimacy is similarity of background and allegiance. Thus, Heaslop tells his mother that he made a mistake by asking iodin of the Pleaders to smoke with him because the Pleader so told all the litigants that he was in with the City Magistrate (Forster, 20). To the Pleader, this sharing of cigarettes and leisure time is an act of intimacy because it seems an acknowledgement of equality. To Heaslop, this is only a friendly act of well-disposed convention because equality is based on race and class, is something inherent, not given. The idea of intimacy as unity is a strain throughout A Passage to India. When Aziz thinks of his wife on the anniversary of her death, he wonders if he shall meet her in an afterlife, but does not have specific faith in an afterlife. He believes that beau ideals unity was indubitable and indubitably ... ...ziz is frustrated that his attempt at conciliation is not successful. Unity requires intimacy because intimacy is an acknowledgement of equality. Only when one transcends limitations of gender and race, extends o neself beyond social codes that emphasize division can true unity be achieved. Both authors end their novels with an insinuation of a future that go forth be friendlier to intimacy and unity Lily finally achieves unity in her painting and the final words of the land to Aziz and Fielding are No, not yetNo, not there. (Forster, 282). Sometime, somewhere the English and the Indians will unite and man and woman will achieve gendered unity within the self. Works Cited Forster, E.M. A Passage to India. London Everymans Library, 1991. Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Introduction by D.M. Hoare, Ph.D. London J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1960.

Comparing Relationships in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India and Virg

Comparing Relationships in E. M. Forsters A Passage to India and Virginia Woolfs To the LighthouseE. M. Forsters A Passage to India and Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse are concerned with the lack of intimacy in relationships. Forsters novel is set in English-run India, the difference between stimulate and culture being the center of disharmony. Woolfs novel is set in a familys summer house, the difference between genders being the center of disharmony. contempt this difference of scale, the disharmonies are much the same. Unity and intimacy are intertwined in both novels. Whereas the definitions of intimacy vary with each person, all of the characters strive for oneness done their relations with others. The difference in ideas of intimacy are what prevent unity from being achieved. For the Indians, intimacy is a sharing of possessions and personal information that acknowledges equality. For the English, intimacy is semblance of background and allegiance. Thus, Heaslop tells hi s mother that he made a mistake by asking one of the Pleaders to smoke with him because the Pleader then told all the litigants that he was in with the City Magistrate (Forster, 20). To the Pleader, this sharing of cigarettes and leisure time is an act of intimacy because it seems an acknowledgement of equality. To Heaslop, this is only a friendly act of hearty convention because equality is found on race and class, is something inherent, not given. The idea of intimacy as unity is a strain throughout A Passage to India. When Aziz thinks of his wife on the anniversary of her death, he wonders if he shall meet her in an afterlife, but does not have specific faith in an afterlife. He believes that Gods unity was obvious and indubitably ... ...ziz is frustrated that his attempt at conciliation is not successful. Unity requires intimacy because intimacy is an acknowledgement of equality. Only when one transcends limitations of gender and race, extends oneself beyond social codes that emphasize division can true unity be achieved. Both authors end their novels with an insinuation of a future that leave behind be friendlier to intimacy and unity Lily finally achieves unity in her painting and the final words of the land to Aziz and Fielding are No, not yetNo, not there. (Forster, 282). Sometime, somewhere the English and the Indians will unite and man and woman will achieve gendered unity within the self. Works Cited Forster, E.M. A Passage to India. capital of the United Kingdom Everymans Library, 1991. Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Introduction by D.M. Hoare, Ph.D. London J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1960.

Politics and Other Social Sciences Essay

Man is a loving animal. His companionable life has compositiony dimensions policy-making, frugalal, sociological, psychological, historical etc. Social comprehensions deal with this multi-dimensional man, his collective life, genial behaviour, organisations and activities. all in all of these dimensions of man argon inter-connected leading to interrelationship among versatile societal intuitions. Political cognizance, being one of the hearty acquirements dealing with the governmental aspect of social man, has nasty connections with different social sciences. The modem approach in the study of social sciences is primarily interdisciplinary. It mean that scholars of one specialized social science should work in coordination with scholars of other disciplines. This has resulted in a expectant deal of overlapping of disciplines. Interdisciplinary study has resulted in a rapid development of theoretical and applied aspects of government and the sharpening of tools of interrogation and analysis in the present century.Political Science and HistoryPolitical Science and History are very closely connected. Jellinek remarked It is almost a common-place forthwith to affirm the necessity of historical study as a basis for a proper understanding of institutions, whether they be political, legal, or social.1 E.H. Carr holds that the dual function of report (is) to enable man to understand the auberge of the away and to increase his mastery over the society of the present The cause and effect relationship of social phenomena depose be understood by scientific understanding of business relationship. History furnishes the political scientist the raw materials for comparison and induction. The relation of political science and history is well brought issue in words of Seeley History with step to the fore Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without history has no root.In the words of Freeman, history is noncurrent politics and politics is present history. While political science is dependent on history for its material, it must be made clear that history supplies scarce part of its material. Again, all facts of history are not useful to political science. Garner rightly points out that not all of history is past politics. Much of it like the history of art, of science, of inventions, discoveries, military campaigns, language, customs, dress, industries, religious controversies has little, if any, relation to politics and affords no material for political investigation. Political Science selects relevant facts out of history.All political institutions are products of history. Without historical foundations, political science becomes merely speculative and abstract. History is a vast storehouse of facts and information from which political science draw its relevant materials for generalizations. Lipson writes with its chronological treatment, history offers to the student of politics a sense of growth and develo pment and thus affords insight into the process of social heighten. Political science has influence on history. Political ideas of thought leaders have contributed in shaping human history. Political revolutions and political concepts like democracy, liberty, equality and political ideologies like liberalism, nationalism and socialism have substantially influenced the history of societies. Garner aptly observes to interpret history in its true entailment we must study that politically.Behaviouralism with its stress on empirical method has undermined the importance of historical method in recent political studies. Traditional method relied more on history as it believed that history can assist in understanding the present and act as a guide for the future.Political Science and economic sciencePolitical Science and economics are very closely related and cover a common ground to a large extent. Early writers on economics considered their subject as a branch of political science and termed it political economy. governing influences substantially the economic system. The put in formulates the economic policies and regulates the economy. production and distribution of wealth, price control, trade, taxation, government ownership of public utilities, banking, export-import and such other economic activities are regulated by political decision-making. The solution of many economic problems must come through political channels. Indeed many of the complex problems of the modern state are essentially economic in character the drop-off of economic disparity, removal of poverty and unemployment, the adjustment of the claims of capital and labour, nationalization and the achievement of a welfare state. The modern state, Galbraith writes, is an Industrial State.On the other hand, political and social life is profoundly influenced by economic conditions. Karl Marx regarded politics as a part of political economy and maintained that the economic basis of society influenc es politics which belongs to the superstructure. Political movements and revolutions are profoundly influenced by economic causes. All political ideologies like liberalism, socialism, imperialism, fascism have an economic basis. The political behaviour of man and various organized groups is influenced by economic factors. The main functions of modern welfare state are basically economic. There are economic motives behind many political policies. Political norms like liberty, equality, rights, justice are very often evaluated on an economic basis.Thus there is close relationship between political and economic life. The interaction of the two disciplines has resulted in the increasing importance given to political economy in recent years.Political Science and SociologyNo two social sciences are as closely related as political science and sociology. Sociology is the fundamental social science. It is the root of all the social sciences. It is the most comprehensive social science which studies all aspects of the life of man in society. In the words of Small, it is the science of men in their associated processes.Sociology has a much wider scope than political science. It is a study of society in all its manifestations, while political science is primarily a study of the state and government. In other words, sociology deals with man in all his social relations, while political science deals with the man in his political relations. Sociology deals with both organized and unorganised communities and groups, while political science is refer with organised political communities. The subject of sociology is social man and that of political science is political man.The relation between the two sciences is well brought out by Garner. He writes Sociology derives from political science knowledge of the facts regarding the organization and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from sociology its knowledge of the origin of political author ity and the laws of social control.State and politics cannot be studied objectively without an understanding of the general laws of social development. Political institutions and processes are influenced by social forces and factors. Not only does sociology influence political science, but politics also influences the social system. The political system controls and regulates social forces and customs. Politics engineers the process of peaceful social change and is set-aside(p) in maintaining social stability and cooperation. Political control is the most important and the most effective among all forms of social control.Contemporary political studies have borrowed concepts, methods and techniques of research from sociology. The current sociological impact on the study of politics can be traced blanket to the influence of Max Weber. Interdisciplinary study of political science and sociology got tremendous fillip with the emergence of political behaviouralism. A new branch of stud y named political sociology has emerged as a result of the interaction between political science and sociology. G. Sartori has observed that politics has got socialised and society has got politicised in the present times to such an extent that politics cannot be studied in closing off from sociology.Political Science and PsychologyPsychology is the science of mental attitudes and human behaviour. It studies human instincts, attitudes, sentiments and emotions. It has been stress that scientific study of social phenomena must have a psychological basis. Psychological factors have become increasingly important for understanding what people believe about politics and how they act in political situations. record of political behaviour has assumed great significance under the impact of behaviouralism in political studies.The psychological approach in political science goes back to 1908 when A. F. Bentleys The Process of Government and Graham Wallass Human Nature in Politics were publis hed. The psychological approach received further impetus from clams School political scientists such as C. E Merrium, Stuart Rice, George Catlin and Harold Lasswell. Modern writers like Tarde, Le Bon, McDougall, Graham Wallas, Baldwin and Ellwood have attempted to explain and interpret political and social phenomena through the laws of psychology.Governments to be stable and popular must reflect the mental ideas and moral sentiments of the people who are subject to its control. Modern governments have devised subtle methods of the psychological manipulation of the masses. Public opinion is being moulded by ingenious propaganda as in politics the art of controlling the mass mind is increasingly neat the key to political power and stability.Political Science and EthicsPolitical science has close historical links with philosophy and ethics. Initially, the study of state in Greece was a part of ethics. Ethics as a branch of study investigates the laws of morality and formulates rules of conduct. Ethics is the science of the moral order while political science is the science of the political order. Both have to deal with questions of right and impairment, good and bad, just and unjust.Plato conceived the notion of an ideal state in his Republic and believed that the state should develop men in a life of virtue. The end of the state, according to Aristotle, is good life for the citizens. Modern idealists like Rousseau, Kant, Hegel and Green have accepted the state as an ethical institution which creates conditions for the fullest development of human personality. Lord Acton goes so far as to say The great question is to discover, not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe. drink held that what is morally wrong can never be politically right. Gandhis lasting contribution to politics is his insistence upon the spiritualization of politics i.e., application of truth, non-violence, love, self-suffering to mans social and political life.The end of the state has been formulated by the greatest political thinkers in terms of moral values. The state exists to promote social and moral good on the largest possible scale. A good citizen is possible in a good state and perfect state cannot be conceived where wrong ethical principles prevail. Laws are obeyed with greater readiness if they are based on the moral ideas of the community. Politics also influences ethics. Politics safeguards the ethical norms of a society. The state acts as the guardian of social morality.The attempts of some contemporary political scientists to create a value-free political science have not been successful. David Easton aptly observes The goal of value-free research is a myth The utility of political research stems from the fact that it helps men to decide upon the kind of political system they would prefer and to understand how to go about ever-changing social policy to obtain it. The inspiration behind political science is understandably ethical.Po litical Science and JurisprudenceThe state is a social phenomenon as well as a legal institution. From the legal point of view, the state is a person with rights and duties. It is a juristic personality subject to the process of law. The state operates through law and hence jurisprudence, as the science of law, is closely related to politics. Strictly jurisprudence is a subdivision of political science but on account of its vast scope and technical nature it is studied as a separate branch of study.Jurisprudence has several branches, namely, civil law, criminal law, positive law, international law etc. Constitutional law defines the organs of the state, their relations to one another, and the rights and duties of individuals. International law regulates the relations of states and various international organizations If law influences politics, politics also influences law. Different political systems have different legal systems Laws tend to be a reflex of a particular social patte rn and are influenced by the nature of the political system.Political Science and AnthropologyAnthropology deals with man as a social being. It deals with the origin, classification and relations of races, languages and cultures found in different localities. Politics uses the vast material gathered by anthropology.Physical anthropology dealing with the conditions of primitive men and their surroundings facilitates the study of the origin and evolution of various political institutions. in addition social or cultural anthropology dealing with the growth and interpretation of customs, traditions, habits and religious beliefs etc., explains the forces and factors operating in political institutions. Anthropological data have assumed great importance in the study of the formation of national character.Political Science and GeographyMany writers have emphasized the influence of geographical conditions and physical environment upon national character. Even national policies have been s hown to be determined by such conditions. The influence of climate, topography, character of the soil, insularity, the presence or absence of mountains, rivers and outlets to the sea has been emphasized by various political thinkers from Aristotle to the present. Notable among them are Bodin, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Buckle. The emphasis upon geographical factors as determinants of state policy and governmental functioning has resulted in the development of a new science known as Geopolitics. Since territory is an important element of the state, geographical factors naturally influence political activities. These factors have assumed great significance especially in the field of defence strategy.Political Science and StatisticsStatistics is concerned with systematic collection, analysis and presentation of numerical data. Von Mohl described statistics as a means through which a picture of existing political and social conditions could be obtained. Social phenomena and the results o f governmental action are quantitatively measured by it. statistical findings serve as a guide for administrative action, as a basis for legislation, and as a means for testing the expediency or authorisation of political policies. Therefore, all governments collect statistical information concerning finance, trade, military and economic resources, social conditions of the people etc. Behavioural approach to the study of political science has put excessive stress on statistical methods (quantification, techniques), thereby contributing a lot to the scientific character of political science.The foregoing discussion clearly shows the intimate relation of political science to other social sciences. A proper understanding of political institutions, processes and phenomena calls for reliance upon a number of sister disciplines. specialization of social sciences should not lead to narrow compartmentalization. Interdisciplinary approach to the study of social sciences has resulted in the blurring of rigid boundaries of various disciplines and highlighting the need for mutual transpose and interaction among social scientists.

Activity Analysis

Cost The price depends on what kind of computer is bought and what type of internet is purchased. A computer can range anywhere from $400. 00 to $1000. 00 and high speed internet usually costs around $20. 00 a month. For this activity an HP computer is macrocosm used which costs $429. 99 and high speed internet for $20. 00 a month. Overall cost for one year $669. 99. Preparation Must have an net spot account, know the netmail woo of the person the email is going to, and buy a computer and the internet. Time 35 min-10 minutes to find email address of the friend and 25 minutes for composing an email.Space Needs or setting required Indoor, computer desk with computer equipment, well lit eye socket, and an the size of the bea does not matter as long as a computer desk and chair can fit. Activity Qualities Teens, young adults, and adults may find this labor meaningful. This undertaking would excessively be meaningful to businessmen. This activity may not be not enjoyable for the late baby boomers. Occupation Social participation such(prenominal) as engaging in communication with friends and family. Leisure interest such as relaxation and feeling of involvement by communicating with others.Supervision no(prenominal)Precautions Those with visual impairments, cognitive delays, and proper fine motor control may experience difficulty when performing this task and will need supervision to support verbal step by step procedures. Contradictions Not purloin for those with complete blindness and a major cognitive delay. May not be appropriate for those with profound deficits of gross and fine motor control. Motor Skills Sensory awareness required. Sensory processing including visual acuity, visual stability, vestibular functions, proprioceptive functions, touch functions, and coerce awareness.Neuromusculoskeletal related functions include joint mobility, joint stability, muscle power, muscle tone, muscle endurance, motor reflexes, and control of voluntary and inv oluntary movements. Motor skills that are needful for this task are gross, fine, crossing the midline, bilateral integration, and praxis. Also postural control and alignment are important for this task. Process Skills For this task, attention span, memory, and perception are needed. Also, thought, sequencing, prioritizing, creating, multitasking, and judging are used for this activity.Communication/interaction skills Interests, self-concept, role performance, social contact, perceive, influence, and relation to others are important to this task. Displaying and perceiving emotions are important to relate to others. Self-control, interpersonal skills, and self-expression are also needed. ADL/IADL procedure Areas The fine motor skills of sending an email can be helpful in feeding, eating, dressing, bathing, personal device care, and personal hygiene. The cognitive skills of this activity can also help with personal device care and personal hygiene.This activity can also help with co mmunication management by using the communication skills needed to send an email. Work/education performance areas This activity can be helpful for those seeking employment and job performance. Being able to send an email will enable a person to better their career by sending professional emails. It will also help with job performance by using cognitive, gross, and fine motor control needed to send an email. Leisure/play/social participation areas This activity can be continued as a leisure activity and can enhance play exploration and participation.It can enhance play by meeting in the buff people and exploring new interests. It can also better social participation by exchanging information with friends and family. Continuous communication with people will improve social skills. Adaptation potency for adaptation is very good. May use raised or enlarged keys on the keyboard for those with a visual impairment and low sensory integration. May also increase the zoom on internet pages so a person can see a larger image. With someone who has limited ROM, a tuner keyboard would work best.This way the person can set the keyboard on lap. The abstract can be adapted by enlarging it and adding different texture for the right and leftover click. This way, the person is aware of the different sides. Grading Adding wrist weights to hands will improve arm strength. Placing the keyboard and mouse further from the person will encourage separate out while sitting. Using a therapy ball instead of a chair will encourage concentration and attention span. Making the keys on the keyboard smaller and the mouse smaller will enhance fine motor control.Disabilities Those with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and personality disorder would benefit from this activity by improving social skills and having someone they can talk to. Those with strokes, MS, autism, and rheumatoid arthritis would benefit from this activity which would improve social, c ognitive, and fine motor control skills. Goal Within the OT sermon session, the patient will be able to type 100 words within 10 minutes.Habits This activity can influence habits byEnvironmental Aspects send an E-mail can influence cultural context because for most it is common to use the computer and is the America is beginning to use the internet for sending mail instead of the post office. For personal context, this activity is mainly used by teens, adults, and middle adulthood. For Temporal context, this activity influences it because cards such as, holiday cards, sympathy cards, wedding invitations, and birthday cards are being sent through email. This activity influences virtual context because it is using the internet. It influences social context because it is a quick and simple way to exchange information.

Ducati Paper

Margaret DeWitt Ducati Turnaround The turnaround success of Ducati was the direct result of Federico Minolis implementation of a differentiation dodge. As a company that was heading towards bankruptcy, Ducati was salve and revamped by Minolis specific vision for the company that were precisely presented in an extremely realistic manner. These goals for the company included double-digit growth for Ducati and equaling Harley-Davidsons profit level. later reading the success of this turnaround, one point that I found very interesting and contributed to the companys success is Minolis staffing method for Ducati.Not simply did he strive to acquire intelligent and qualified workers, but also he emphasized passion and creativity in the workplace. The article refers to this structured chaos as the primary source of creativity. An separate unique(p) staffing method using by Minoli was that none of the late staff had previous experience in the motorcycle industry. concord to Minoli, eve n though they had no previous experience they were still capable of becoming passionate about this company and its products and would therefore be a in(predicate) management aggroup.It is apparent Minoli views everyone involved in the production of Ducatis products as a key success factor in its turnaround. In choosing the right strategy for Ducati, Minoli debated between standardizing the engine, which would result in better efficiency, or to remain true to what the motorcycle represented. He lacked the brand name to appeal not simply to extreme motorcycle riders but also so other segments of buyers. By implementing a differentiation strategy, Minoli was able to position Ducati in a way that showcased its uniqueness as a motorcycle.It was also a way to separate it from other motorcycle companies such as Harley-Davidson and Honda. The specific features of their product are so unique to the brand name that it would be difficult and expensive for competitors to try to mimic. The company has moved from a product-centered company, as many of its competitors are categorized as, to an experience-centered company. It is not lonesome(prenominal) focused on producing and selling motorcycles, but also focused on selling the lifestyle benefits of owning a Ducati motorcycle and being part of the Ducati organization.This was a orthogonal move on behalf of Ducati for two main reasons to increase sales due to product uniqueness and the building of customer loyalty through repeat customers. As customers buy into a lifestyle, they are much likely to spread over to purchase that product. Two of the factors that Ducati possess that contributes to its differentiation from other companies are its top engineering team and increased investment in research and development.As a result of the company s product development and research and development sectors become more open air structures, there gather in been tremendous cost savings and quicker product launches. Also, as t echnology is a growing asset to the motorcycle industry, Ducatis success dope be a direct result of the expertise taken from their racing division. Another attribute that supports the differentiation strategy of Ducati motorcycles is the creation of the World of Ducati in addition to Ducati Stores.Through the several activities including racing, advertising in alter magazines, the Ducati museum, Ducati owners clubs, and Ducati special events, the company successfully built an atmosphere unique to Ducati that customers can buy into. This not only creates brand loyalty for the product but also gives the owners of Ducati motorcycles the feeling that they have something special or unique that cannot be purchased elsewhere. By using the differentiation strategy to position itself as the run around bike company, Ducati, in my opinion, will be able to sustain its position in the market.By strictly competing in the sport bike segment of the market, Ducati makes it difficult for threats b y all other competition. Even though companies such as Honda and Harley- Davidson also produce motorcycles, they are not specialized in sport bikes and do not sell the lifestyle of having their busy product. I think by sticking to one specialty, Ducati has more power all over its customers than all other competing companies. This does not however eliminate rivalries between companies altogether.Even though Ducati may have the advantage of differentiation, this particular industry is continuing to grow and with that comes more competition for customers. I think that one tradeoff that Ducati has to face is staying focused on the sport bike segment rather than branching off into other segments of the market. Even though branching into other product lines may be beneficial in the short-term aspect, I think that by sticking to what they have already successfully built and expanding their current market segment will eventually lead to higher long-term profitability.They could possibly a chieve this by expanding distribution. Ducati can offer its product and all of the benefits that come with purchasing one in more locations. The only thing Ducati should be careful of is that they do not over-expand. They want to make their product more available for new customers but not in a way that makes the lifestyle of owning a Ducati as normal as owning maybe a Harley-Davidson. They need to make sure they still have the advantage of having that differentiation factor that sets them apart from the competition.Overall, Minolis implementation of the differentiation strategy was critical to the turnaround of Ducati. By focusing in on what they are good at and building a brand upon those elements, this company was able to go from almost bankruptcy to an extremely profitable company in the sports bike industry. Also, by distinguishing itself from just a motorcycle company to an experienced-centered company that offers customers a particular lifestyle and the chance to be part of a community also plays a role in the success of its turnaround.This important element brought in new customers and increased the likelihood of repeat customers. Even though competition in the motorcycle industry is tough and continues to get even more competitive, Ducati will continue to set itself apart from the rest with its ability to sell not only a sports bike but a product lifestyle as well. I think that if Ducati continues to successfully use its resources in the future, they will sustain their share in the market and have the opportunity to even expand it.

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Ten

It worked perfectly.Almost. There were six guards blocking the exits and another four at the door, checking every angiotensin converting enzyme as they left. Ten total. All in body armor and masks, explaining patiently that there had been a bomb threat and it was important to evacuate as quick as possible. No one questioned why they were fortify with the automatic weapons they kept using to push the crowd along.No one except Dr. Trope, who went up to one of them and tell, Young man, I ask you to keep your weapons away from my students, distracting him good long enough for Miranda and Sibby to get sw all toldowed into the middle of the crowd.Theyd navigated by the first two impel troopers, with however two left when Ariel yelled, Dr. Trope? Dr. Trope? Look, there she is, Miranda Kiss. I told you she crashed the prom. Shes right there in the middle. You have to-Four men with automatic weapons suddenly swiveled and waded into the surge of students. Miranda whispered, Duck, to Si bby and the two of them bobbed beneath the surface of the crowd, crawling back into the Great Hall.Behind her she heard Dr. Trope saying, Where is she? Where did she go? Im not leaving one of my pupils in there. And the storm trooper saying, Please, sir, you need to evacuate. Well find her. Rest assured.Miranda decided that if she got give away of this alive, shed be a lot nicer to Dr. Trope. If.She dragged Sibby over to Old Faithful and said, In there. Now.Why cant I hide in the White House? Why does it have to be in the volcano?I might need part of the White House. Please, merely do it. They wont be able to make you out if they have night goggles.What well-nigh you? Youre wearing white.I match the decorations.Wow, youre significantly good at this. This preparedness stuff. Howd you learn how to-Miranda was wondering the same thing. Wondering why as soon as shed heard the announcement some part of her brain had started measuring her maintain to the exits, looking around for wea pons, watching the door. Her senses going into overdrive was a relief it meant some of her powers were cooperating. except did she have the strength to take on ten armed men? The most shed ever taken on at one time before was three, and they hadnt been toting machine guns. Shed have to be crafty rather than direct. She said to Sibby, Give me your boots.For what?To get rid of some of our competition so we can get out of here.But I really like these-Give them to me. And also a rubber bracelet.Miranda set her trap, and then held her breath as a guard approached. She heard him say into the walkie-talkie, Southwest pillar. Ive got one, and saw the ribbons stir as he used the butt of his gun to push them aside.Heard him say, What the-And fired George Washingtons sugar nose at him with the sling barb shed made out of Sibbys rubber bracelet and a fork. All her target work paid off be driveway it hit him at exactly the right point to send him plunging forward. He went down headfirst just hard enough to be disoriented and docile while she tied his hands and feet with the ribbons from the pillar. Im really sorry, she said, flipping him over to gag him with a piece of dinner roll, then smiled. Oh, hi, Craig. Not your day, is it? I hope your heads feeling better. What? Its not? It will. Try rubbing some insta-hot on your wrists and ankles when they untie you. Bye.Shed just grabbed the boots shed used at the base of the pillar as a decoy when she heard another guard coming fast from her left. She threw a boot at him Frisbee style and heard a pleasing swack as he fell down, too.Two down, eight to go.She was apologizing to the one shed hit with the shoe, who was out cold-it was nice to know ankle boots were good for something-when the walkie-talkie on his blast came to life. Leon, this is the Gardener. Where are you? State your position. Copy?Miranda picked up the unconscious guards walkie-talkie and said into it, I suasion your name was Caleb Reynolds, Deputy. Why the Gardener stuff? Or, as my protagonist likes to call you, Plant Boy.A crackle. Then Deputy Reynoldss voice through the walkie-talkie. Miranda? Is that you? Where are you? Miranda?Right here, she whispered in his ear. Shed snuck up behind him, and now as he turned, her arm came around his neck with the heel of the boot pointed at his throat.What are you stabbing me with? he asked.All you need to know is that its going to cause you a lot of pain and probably a bad infection if you dont start telling me how many people there are here and what their curriculum is.There are ten in here, five more watching the exits outside. But Im on your side.Really, Gardener? Thats not how it looked at the house.You didnt give me a take a chance to talk to the girl.Youre going to have to do better than that. Im not a mix tape, you cant play me.Do you have any idea what she is? What she is? Not really.His nerve centre rate sped up now. Shes a real-life flesh-and-blood prophet. The Cumean Sibyl. Shes one of ten people who between them supposedly know and can control the whole future of the world.Wow. I thought she was just an annoying fourteen-year-old with wild hormones. The Sibyl operates through different bodies. Or thats what they think. These people Im working with. Wack jobs. They pretend they want to protect her, keep her prophecies from being exploited by the unscrupulous, but I think theyre actually into extortion. I heard one of them say they could ransom the girl for eight figures. His heart rate slowed as he talked. My job was to find out where she was supposed to be picked up, so they could send someone there with some trinket of hers to show we had her, and get the Overseer to hand up.Miranda didnt like the sound of the word trinket at all. But you werent going to?Theyre just using this religion stuff as a cover for their greed. Its disgusting. Im all set to stop them, and then you-getting agitated, his heartbeat spiking-you come along in the middle and mess it u p.Miranda knew he was genuinely angry. Stop them how?I was supposed to be getting the location of her pickup place from her, right? When you crashed in, I was going to tell her what to say, a place Id picked out with the task force, then when the wackos went there, theyd be picked up by the police. Meanwhile Id get the Sibyl safely to the real rendezvous. But you come in and blow it. Months of police work down the tubes. His heartbeat was slow and redden again.Miranda let him go. Im so sorry, she said.He turned to scowl at her, changing it to a half smile when he saw what she was wearing. Nice look on you. He paused for a second, then said, You know, theres a way we could still make this work. Do you have another outfit like that?My skating uniform? Yeah. But its not the same color. Its more blue.That doesnt matter as long as its close. With you two dressed as twins well be able to fool them into intellection that youre the Sibyl, use you as a decoy while we sneak her out to safet y.Talking quickly, he outlined the rest of his plan. Miranda said, It would be better if we wore the wigs and masks, too. To complete the disguise.Thats right. Perfect. Go toward the employee entrance, the one you used to sneak in. Theres someone guarding the outer door but theres a door on the left that is clear. It goes to an office. Ill deal with these guys and then come-He stop talking, lifted his gun, and fired behind her. Turning, Miranda saw hed shot one of the guards.He saw us together, he told her. I couldnt let one of those bastards get you or tell the others. Ill distract them, keep them over here. You get the Sibyl, change, and wait for me in the office.She was already moving away when she paused and said, How did you find us?His heartbeat slowed. Put out a bulletin on your car.I should have thought of that, Miranda said, then took off as he radioed, Man down-man down.Sibby was frantic when Miranda got back to her. What happened? Did you get shot?No. I got us a ride out of here.How?Miranda explained as they changed, then skirted the edges of the Great Hall toward the directors office. As they moved, she heard Deputy Reynolds barking orders to the guards, keeping them use up in other parts of the room, saying at one point, No, dont turn on the lights-that will give them an advantage At another, heard a croak of pain that sounded like someone being knocked out. She was impressed.They reached the directors office without running into anyone. Sibby sat in the desk chair. Miranda was pacing, walking back and forth to the ticktock of the big clock on the directors mantelpiece, picking up and putting down objects, a crystal bowl, a box of stationery, weighing them in her hand. A family picture of a man, woman, two underage boys, a dog sitting together at the edge of a pier with the sun setting behind them. The dog was wearing someones hat, a real full member of the family.A hand came down in front of the picture. Hello, Miranda? I was asking you someth ing?Miranda put the picture down. Sorry. What?How do you know youre right about him?I just do. Trust me.But if youre wrong-Im not.The clock ticked. Miranda paced. Sibby said, I hate that clock.Tick. Pace. Sibby Im not sure I can do this.Miranda stopped and looked at her. Of social class you can.Im not brave like you.Excuse me? The girl who got-how many guys is it now? Twenty-three?Twenty-four.Twenty-four guys to kiss her? Youre brave. Miranda hesitated. Know how many guys Ive kissed?How many?Three.Sibby gaped at her, bring out out laughing. Gods, no wonder youre so repressed. This had better work or youll have had one seriously sad life.Thanks.

Brain Death

Death occurs at an individual at the moment that his or her heart and lung stops functioning in such a port that they could never be restored. At the same instance, the straits function in like manner stops. Death had been referred to as cardio respiratory dying until applied science altered the context end through the introduction of what was known as idea termination which refers to the cessation of brain function and activity determined or measured by unalike test such as pneumoencephalogram diagnostics. Most of the time, the term brain dying refers to a patient that lost brain capacity to do important function.They whitethorn slightlytimes be sustained by medical apparatus besides is non liter every(prenominal)y murdered in the physical context. However in some countries, these persons atomic number 18 considered defunct and organs can be transplanted to some other patients who need body organs and patients who are brain alive. Thus, benefiting the society as a wh ole and as well as the receivers of the organ. Although the acknowledgment of brain death benefits the community, several controversies and contradictions arise. Such conflict includes the divers(prenominal) views regarding when the patient is to be considered brain dead, which overly includes the controversies regarding PVS patients.Although new increment on the fields of technology arises to be able to determine if iodin person is real brain dead, such as Digital Subtraction Angiography, Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Dynamic Computed Tomography (DCT), Magnetic Resonance Imaginary (magnetic resonance imaging), Echo Planar MRI (EPI) and many other types of equipment, a consensus regarding the acceptance of brain death was never reached because of some ethical and cultural c erstwhilerns. Such factor includes the different views and stand of the pubic regarding organ transplant.Still, the main factor against the consensus of accepting brain death is the publics opinion an d view, specially the families of the patient who were considered to be brain dead, regarding the matter. They are tall(a) to accept the burial of a breathing human or to intentionally terminate the cardio respiratory function of an individual through lethal injections or some other means. Due to several controversies regarding brain death, several policies had been made. However controversies and contradictions are tranquillise endue, regarding brain death.Returning to Cardio Respiratory death go away eliminate objections regarding brain death which was the original definition of death. Modern advances in medical technology are genuinely challenging our purposeion of what it means to be human, to be alive. For some, the concept of creative thinker Death is similarly a form of legalizing killing.DEFINITION OF BRAIN DEATH ROBERT BLANKStudies showed that the brain begins to die due to some several causes. One of the major causes was ageing in which there exist a gradual lost o f sensory capacities in ones brain.The higher the age of an individual means higher pretend of having a decline in memory and other functions of the brain. Aging is the natural forge in which brain functions declines. There are also causes which are not natural such as injuries, cancer, stoke as well as alcohol and drug abuse. However, the concept of brain death does not necessarily refers to this process of brain cell death but rather to the cessation of functions and activity of the brain as indicated by several test such as electroencephalogram diagnostics.This concept is different from what we normally regard as death. In a general sense, brain death refers to situation to which the patient was diagnosed to be unable to recollect consciousness or unable to recover from his or her current state of having brain damage. When a person is considered brain dead he or she is regarded as already dead and thus, organs can be taken for transplants. Because of this definition, several controversies and contradiction occurs.In the beginning of the income tax return regarding brain death, several criteria were used conclude that a person was really brain dead (1) unreceptivity and unresponsiveness (2) lack of spontaneous movements or breathing and, (3) lack of reflexes (Blank, page 3). Due to the seriousness of the passing, there had also been acts in order to determine if the person is brain dead. The concept of brain death is still being debated up to the contemporary time fifty-fifty in the presence of modern technological devices such as Digital Subtraction Angiography, CAT, DCT, MRI and others.WHAT TRIGGERED THE CONTROVERSEY OVER BRAIN DEATH?The very reason for the creation of the concept of brain death was the advancement of medical technology. Although there are some machines in the field that were able to support the lungs and heart of a person, the fact that once the brain stem was seriously damaged. Spontaneous respiration could never be returned, prov iding a patient with no hope of recovery. Thus, the death of a person was united to the death of certain brain function rather than to the cessation of the heart and lungs.CEREBRAL DEFINITON OF DEATHThe idea of total brain death has always been surrounded by controversies even it was accepted as the standard practice in most of the Western Nations because some argues that it cannot be referring to the death of the whole brain or the cessation of all the functions of the brain. Since the concept of the whole brain death ignores spinal cords reflexes as well as the emission of small electrical potentials measurable by the EEG continuous in some isolated brain cells. On the other hand, the cerebral death was associated to the cessation of the function of the cerebral cortex that is associated with consciousness and intellectual activity.Thus whenever specific higher brain functions of an individual ceases, he or she is considered cerebral dead rather than the cessation of all brain activity. The concept of equating death to cerebral death was based on the assumption that human life has no longer exist in the absence of the persons consciousness. Thus, cerebral death focuses on the death of personhood rather than the death of the organism itself. Because of these assumptions, death gains a lot of criticism and objectivity.WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO INSTITUTE A POLICY defining PVS PATIENTS AS BRAIN DEAD?Patients with PVS spend a penny a relatively intact brain stem with the complete lost of cerebral cortical function that may be due to lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain for about 4-6 minutes. Thus, the patient is left with a transient coma for old age and weeks that sometimes also resulted in eyes-open consciousness for years. Although they project cough reactions as well as times of wakefulness and sleep because of the brain stem, they are wholly unaware of themselves as well as their environments. PVS patients also experience no pain during the period.T hese characteristics that makes PVS patients different from permanent coma patients, patients with locked-in syndrome and irreversibly comatose are also the reason why it is difficult to institute a policy that defines PVS patients as brain dead.Summary PETER MONAGHAN ARTICLEThe idea of referring to brain dead people as dead resulted in different views and stands taken by different groups and cultures. In the United Sates and Canada, the concept of brain was accepted and organs of people who are considered brain dead can be taken for transplant.Several countries on the other hand have different views regarding the matter specially those that that are outside the United States. Other countries have acknowledge the concept of brain death but were unwilling to view brain dead persons as dead and chose to stick to the cessation of heart and lungs as the indication of death of an individual. The differences in the views of the public regarding brain death creates several issues, controve rsies and as well as objections of the concept.For some, legalizing brain death is just a way of legalizing killing others believed otherwise, by and large are professionals in the field of medicine who believed that this concept will be able to save the lives of those persons whose brains are well functioning but are desperately in need of organ transplant. The acceptance of the whole concept of brain death is likely to produce a great development in the field of organ transplant, cloning and other medical fields. However, this would also mean changing the publics definition of dead disregarding mostly religious and biological beliefs of the definition of death.Medical technology developments also complicate the issues regarding brain death. Even the question of when should a person should be considered brain dead was still debatable up to the contemporary time. Still, the significance of death in the societal context still overrides medical authority when it comes to a patient kno wn to be brain dead. One of the strongest issues that were against the concept of brain death was the difficulty of family members of a brain dead person to acknowledge the burial or even cremation of their love.Another issue that also arises was whether anesthesia should be used for patients that were brain dead. The concept of brain death really does create a lot of controversies and questions that remained debatable up to the present time.COUNTRIES OUTSIDE THE USAIn the United States as well as in Canada, once a person was considered to be brain dead, his or her organs can be removed for transplant. However not all the countries, because of cultural differences, does not view and accept the concept of brain death in the same way.In several European Countries, surgeons could perform the transplant unless the patient forbade it. Still, there are those countries that accepted the idea of brain death and take it into consideration, but still preferred biological death and brain dead persons are not considered dead. There are also some countries that were totally against the idea of brain death. The concept of brain death was scarce a convention outside the United States and Canada. For example, in Japan, it took more than 3 decades of debate before the concept of brain death was legally accepted.Still, the issue of brain death remain restricted that allowed for organ transplants. outlook Dead individuals are not considered dead unless they wish to donate their organs. Germany on the other hand number 1 recognized the concept of brain death but reversed its recognition in 1999. Although brain death had been legally accepted in Sweden in 1980s, the issue is still being debated. On the other hand in the early 1900s Denmark accepted the concept of brain death but decided not to use this concept in determining if an individual is dead rather they retain the heart and lung cessation of determining death.Thus, because of different views, beliefs and norms, differen t countries have different approaches regarding the issue of brain death.DECISION MAKING IN OTHER SENSITVE MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ETHICAL AREASThe issue on brain death had made certain impacts when it comes to determination devising of some related medical, ethical and social issues. When it comes to ethical concerns, the main question that arises is the issue of life and death. Brain Death had moved some initiation of death it is a new definition of death as some may say.Brain death is a treat to some ethical, cultural and religious beliefs as it offenses certain beliefs of society. On the other hand, brain death offers great advancement in some field such as medicines and other medical aspects. Brain death made it easier for medical personnel to decide on whether to sustain or cut off different medical apparatus that sustains the breathing of the patients. It also helps in deciding to make an organ transplant from patients that are considered brain dead. Thus, it created medical ad vancement especially in the filed of organ transplant, cloning and other fields.On one point, brain death can be said to help the society by providing organs from those patients who are brain alive and are capable of making a change in society. However, the issue also brings disagreement among the members of the society.TERRY SCHIAVO CASEThe Terry Schiavo Case illustrates both societal and ethical issues concerning brain death, the decision that concern individuals and groups have to make. The different views of Terrys husband and parents brought conflicts and legal issues.The concept of brain death made it legal to cut off the apparatus or the provide tube used by Terry. Although Terrys parents appeals to the motor hotel to put back the feeding tube, the court had rejected this appeal. It can be said that the court accepts the fact of brain death and agrees with Terrys husband that she would rather be dead. However it was really hard for Terrys parents to accept that their miss was already dead. Different doctors who had seen Terry have different views and beliefs whether Terry would be able to recover or not.Thus, it was really hard even with several developments in medical fields to have a consensus of whether a brain dead person can be classified dead or not.CONCLUSIONIt can really say that medical development altered our notion of death. This brings new challenges to every culture and society. Because different cultures are different, they may have different stands regarding brain death. For some, it was victorian to view brain dead person as dead because of the lost of the main function or the brain was already dead.However, some argues that legalizing brain death as death is also a form unjustified killing. The issue or concept of brain death will remain controversial and objections will always arise because of the differences of every culture and individual. Thus, the consensus regarding the matter can never be accomplished.ReferencesBlank, R. (200 1). Technology and death policy redefining death. Mortality Vol. 6.Monaghan, P. (2002, February 22). Unsettled Question on Brain Death. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington Vol. 48, Iss. 24 pg. A. 14.

Renaissance and Middle Ages

Historians call the period we live in Modern Times. Modern Times began with the Renaissance, i of the rare periods of genius in the worlds history. Beginning in the 14th century and reaching its height in the 15th, the Renaissance was a peeled age filled with remarkable accomplishments meaning transition. The Renaissance refers to the rediscovery by charitableists of the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The individualization of man began in this season, and it was during this period that man began to focus on the secular aspects of life kinda than vertical Christianity, which was the stranglehold of the pump Ages.The ordered, formalistic knightly society broke down and Europe emerged from the Dark Ages. The Renaissance was a period of discovery in numerous fields. Advances in science were numerous and contributed to the growth of the era. Beliefs and theories that were common during the he artistic creation Ages were gradually being rejected and scientific invest igation during the Renaissance lead to an increased catch of the natural world. Along with discoveries in science, the Renaissance proved to be one of the great ages of fine arts, leaving a rich legacy.The art from the Middle Ages was revolutionized in the Renaissance and is one of the most prominent variances between the two eras. The intellectual energies of the Renaissance, however, came from the literature of many masters. Humanism was emphasized, which contrasted the church driven society of the Middle Ages. Advances and accomplishments in science, fine arts and literature made the Renaissance a golden period, which flourished far beyond the achievements of the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, discoveries in science, particularly in astronomy, physics, and anatomy exceeded those of the Middle Ages.Vital to the growth of scientific investigation was a progressive rejection of astrology and magic, creed that was prevalent in chivalrous times. The scientists of the Renaissan ce rejected any style of magic because observation and experimentation did not support it. Scientists of the Renaissance made many breakthroughs increasing their intimacy and down the stairsstanding of the world. Important inventions were medieval in ascendant as well. For example, the magnetic compass that directed Renaissance explorers to Asia and the Americas was innovated in the Middle Ages.But it was the humanitarianism that was brought out in the Renaissance, which separates it from the Middle Ages. Equally important to the phylogenesis of science was humanism, for among the ancient writings that the humanes collected were those that inspired scientific research. Polish stargazer Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the ideas of astronomy and forever changed the way Western civilization looks at the universe. At Copernicuss birth, Europeans believed that the earth was stationary, at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies, including the sun, revolved around the earth.Copernicus used observation and mathematical analysis to overturn this concept. after(prenominal) careful calculations and observations, Copernicus realized that the earth both revolves around the sun and rotates about its own axis. The importance of Copernicus discovery was not only that he provided future astronomers with base he challenged pervious theories on astronomy and the universe. Studying the heavens, however, was very difficult as the human eye could only see so much. Italian astronomer Galileo constructed a telescope for observing the galaxy.With this device, he discovered that the surface of the moon was covered with craters, mountains and valleys, and discovered other satellites orbiting the planet Jupiter. The rationality and reason promoted by rebirth researchers would become increasingly important not only to science but to Western thought. Those who came after this period would refine its methods and techniques and open up much much(prenominal) of the natural world to human understanding, but they would always be indebted to the pioneering work of these early scientific thinkers.The Renaissance was also one of the great ages of art. It was an era of artistic experimentation and discovery led by famous painters and sculptors whose works are perhaps more than any other accomplishments representative of the Renaissance in todays world. The art from the Middle Ages differed tremendously from the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, the arts had reflected that periods deep interest in religion. Paintings for instance, were either portraits of Christ, the Virgin Mary, the saints or illustrations of scenes from the Bible.In the Renaissance however, art became less religious in nature. Much of it sp testify overt with more worldly subjects portraits, of living people, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life. Religious subjects did not disappear entirely. slightly of the greatest religious art dates from the Renaissance, such as Leo nardo da Vincis 1497 painting the Last Supper, and Michelangelos 1504 sculpture David. Yet, there was a more secular tone to Renaissance art than to medieval art. This artistic shift came in part because the patrons of artists were often nobles nd business and civil leaders quite than, as in the Middle Ages, the church. A second difference between Renaissance and medieval art was the supreme importance of architecture during the Middle Ages. To the medieval world, architecture was the most sublime of arts because architects were responsible for the design and building of the great churches and cathedrals of the period. At this time, both painting and sculpture were used almost wholly to decorate these church buildings.Although architecture remained important in the Renaissance, painting and sculpture were the chief arts. Again this change in emphasis had a great deal to do with the face lift of the private patron few, like the Catholic Church, could afford to finance a building b ut any one of whom could pay for a statue. A third difference between medieval and Renaissance art was the latters emphasis on realism. Renaissance artists tried to represent the human figure as realistically and naturally as possible. To achieve this realism, both painters and sculptors analyze anatomy and the world around them.They worked hard to portray their painted or sculpted subjects in authentic detail, for as Italian Leon Battista Alberti instructed in his 1435 Della pittura It will help, when painting living creatures, first to sketch in the bones, for they always occupy a certain determined position. Then add the sinews and muscles, and finally clothe the bones and muscles with flesh and skin. As Nature clearly and openly reveals all these proportions, so the glowing painter will find great profit from investigating them in Nature. Because of its close association with the observation of the natural world, this Renaissance realism came to be know as naturalism. Leonardo da Vinci is seen as one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance. Far more than just a painter, he was also an engineer, mathematician, inventor, architect, and inditer. Moreover, he was a scientist, whose interests were in biology, physics, and chemistry. The aim of his studies, particularly those in anatomy, was to make his paintings better. He believed firmly that studying the paintings of others alone would produce only minor work.However, a painter who also studied nature would, in his opinion, produce great art. The art produced in the Renaissance was a rebirth of the classical Greek and Roman works. After centuries of stiff representation, artists began once again to study Nature herself, and to work from the living model. New ideas of grace, harmony, and beauty were cultivated into classic works that revolutionized fine art of that period from a sacred to a secular tone. Parallel to the development of fine arts, was an awakening of the human intellect through written wor ks.Innovation and invention were the hallmarks of Renaissance literature. As in art, humanism influenced its literature through both its ideas and its focus on classical writings. A contributing factor to the sp prove of humanism was printing. Until the Renaissance, books were produced by hand. In 1465, the printing constrict was invented in Germany. Although printing technology had been developed in China as early as the second century AD, the 15th century printing squelch was combined with another innovation moveable metal type. With this invention, came a rise in literacy.Books became available to everyone, significantly speeding up the spread of classical knowledge and humanist ideas. During the Middle Ages, only the clergy and a few others could read, whereas Renaissance readers came from all social classes. By the 16th century, about half the population of London could read and write to some degree. One of the most important developments that took place in Renaissance litera ture was the expanded use in books and poems of such languages as Italian, French, and English, rather than Latin.Although Latin remained the international language of Europe, Renaissance authors increasingly wrote in their native languages. The rise of the vernacular made it possible for the middle classes of Europe to read and write in their own language rather than Latin. Many prominent writers of the time such as Petrarch (1304- 1374), and Dante (1265- 1321) saw the use of the vernacular as a sum of passing on classical virtues and knowledge to a far wider audience than was possible with Latin. The scholars Thomas G. Bergin and Jennifer Speake note Petrarchs determination that the classical ideal should infiltrate every aspect of life led to what has been called the humanism of the vernacular the ennobling not only of the native tongue, but also of everyday experience under the influence of classical models. Poets and other writers were generally enthusiastic about the use of the vernacular, feeling that their native languages brought their work alive in a way no ancient, outdated language could. Writers in the Renaissance era began to experiment with new forms of literature.In France, the great pioneer in vernacular writings was the French humanist Francois Rabelais. He not only experimented with writing in French, but he also began a new literary form, the novel. The result was the birth of the French novel, which ridiculed the medieval church and way of thought during the Middle Ages. This new kind of literature contrasts the writings of the medieval times which were mainly church inspired. Most writings were during the Middle Ages were done by Churchmen and most of it was in Latin.Biographies of the lives of the saints were extremely popular. The printing press in the Renaissance led to a rise of literacy in Europe hence the middle class was better educated. The rise of the vernacular also revolutionized literature in the Renaissance, which made it possible for the rising middle class of Europe to read and write in their own language rather than Latin. These breakthroughs in literature separate the Renaissance from medieval times. Emerging from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was a new age filled with impressive accomplishments.The Dark Ages was a time in which the Church was the center of economic, social and political life while the Renaissance was a period in which human affairs and the advancement of Man were emphasized. Scientific discoveries made by many scholars such as Copernicus and Galileo revolutionized medieval theories on astronomy. If one aspect of Renaissance culture differed noticeably from the Middle Ages, it was art. Artists of this time period strayed from the stiff, religious mold of art to a more realistic approach to art displaying great detail and a variety of emotions. Advances in literature reformed the Renaissance.Inventions such as the printing press and the development of the vernacular led to the rise of literacy in all social classes, which greatly differs from the Middle Ages where only the clergy and few others could read and write. The Renaissance era crackled with energy, filled with remarkable discoveries and advancements. Many would have concur with the French physician Jean Fernel, who wrote in the early 1500s The world sailed round, the largest Earths continents, discovered the printing press sowing knowledge, ancient manuscripts rescued, all witness to the triumph of our New Age.

Single Parent Families in Australia

Contents 1. 1Introduction3 1. 2Social Wellbeing3 1. 3Disadvantage, Marginalisation, Power and Privilege4 1. 4Brief Report Outline4 2Research Methodology4 2. 1Reli efficiency of Data and Limitations5 3Presentation and Analysis5 3. 1Housing6 3. 2Income7 3. 3Survey Evidence10 3. 4Survey results Diagrammed12 3. 5Conflict and Functionalist Theories17 3. 6Functionalist possibility17 3. 7Conflict Theory18 4Conclusion Evaluation and finis Making19 4. 1Recommendations and Implications19 5Appendix20Melissa Zanesco, Adderton 6 Study of Society hide Single P arnt Families Ms Brown 1 Introduction In a survey conducted over a period of ten classs, it has been found that the number of angiotensin-converting enzyme call forth families has nearly reduplicated, and is continuing to increase estimate 11 ABS, 2007. Despite this, angiotensin-converting enzyme erect families in Australia face many a(prenominal) challenges in terms of marginalisation and disadvantage because they do not assi milate the homogeneous income advantage and hold accessibility as united families.In position, seek has shown that women atomic number 18 charge more so disadvantaged than men and, as such, experience raise barrier in raising children and equilibrize income and house affordability. Consequently, these disadvantages lend to a lower chance of having causality in society and therefore, not receiving the same take aim of privilege as those in marry couples. 2 Social Wellbeing Social benefit comprises a number of contributing factors. The Australian Bureau of Statistics lists atomic number 18as of concern as being health, education, employment status, sparing re credits and living trying ons ABS, 2001.It is these very factors that directly affect the level of equality shown towards groups in society. In addition, if geniuss access to these fundamental indicators is undermined because of their marital status, it can lead to affable inequality. Inevitably, this prod uces unfair rights and opportunities between groups. Inequality arises in societies when individuals or groups within the society do not experience sameness of treatment in carnal knowledge to class, wealth, education, gender or race Wikipedia, 2010. Single conjure families are particularly affected by their access to ffordable and confirmable housing and their capacity to earn an fitting income in club to place upright their families. In 1996, the ABS Census of Population and Housing found that at least fifty percent of hotshot call forth kinsperson owners or private renters spent at least a quarter of their income on either mortgage repayments or rent Council of Single Mothers & their Children, 2002. This claim is further supported by findings from the survey completed which found that of thirty people surveyed, 87% of unmatchable parents were living in rented accommodation compared to unless(prenominal) 13% of conjoin couples.These statistics confirm that atomic n umber 53 parent families are immensely disadvantaged in housing ownership, primarily because the income being earned is not sufficient plenteous to grease ones palms a house and the absence of a second income limits the level of privilege item-by-item parents have. 3 Disadvantage, Marginalisation, Power and Privilege Such disadvantages and consequent marginalisation inevitably produces inequalities in society, therefore hindering their access to power and privilege in the community.Limited power in society results in sensation parent families receiving incapable support and privileges WordNet, 2009. Power can often be confused with privilege. While the two are interrelated, ones level of power is determined by their actions and the subsequent status maked by it. Privilege can be seen as a result of having power. When one achieves power in society, greater privileges are rewarded WordNet, 2009. Similarly, marginalisation is also closely related to disadvantage. One is disadva ntaged when they are not fertilizen equal access to opportunities.Disadvantages are often caused by not having the same level of status as another because of lifestyle circumstances in this situation it is being a one parent WordNet, 2009. Consequently, single parents and in particular single mothers are a minority group in society and as such become marginalised within the community because they are unable to have the same lifestyle a coupled family would have. 4 Brief Report Outline This report leave behind investigate single parent families in Australia and the management in which they are disadvantaged through economic income and housing.As a direct consequence of these disadvantages, single parents are being marginalised in society. From the ABS Social Indicators, housing and income will be analysed as areas of concern in order to evaluate whether single parent families are indeed disadvantaged because of their status in society. It will be investigated as to how these two measures of social wellbeing affect the level of equality shown towards single parent families. In addition, evidence from the survey will be presented to support the information given in the report.Finally, both the conflict and functionalist theories will be considered to beg off social inequality in relation to, and which theory is kayoedstrip suited to single parent families. Research Methodology The focus of the explore was to locate information from an array of base and secondary sources about single parent families in Australia. The Australian Bureau of Statistics was the main secondary source used to find official statistics, while the quantitative survey completed was the primary source of data.The survey provided information from thirty participants that would support the information presented and allow conclusions to be drawn. The questions in the survey focused primarily on housing and income and also what the oecumenic publics get word was on disposal assistance for families. The survey was created with convenience in mind, and thus featured primarily multiple choice questions, with one question asking for a written opinion on the organisation assistance scheme. Information found from secondary sources was presented in a research control and referenced accordingly. Reliability of Data and Limitations There were solitary(prenominal) three factors which may have played a role in the reliability and validity of the findings. Firstly, and the biggest shifting was the survey responses. It is unknown whether every person surveyed gave truthful behaves and while it was acceptable, it made it difficult to record accurate statistics if a participant did not want to answer certain questions. Secondly, in terms of the survey, only thirty people were questioned, which meant that the sample size was small and confined to Brisbane regions.Presumably, this meant that it did not harness the opinion of a wide-eyed variety of people. And lastly, only about half of the survey participants were single parents and it was very difficult to find single parents, so the results were not as comprehensive as would have been preferred. Presentation and Analysis Single parent families consist of a parent whereby they do not live with either a marital or de facto partner together with a child of their own that was dependent on the parents ABS, 2007.According to the information obtained through the surveys, 9 out of the 18 single parent families were single due to divorce of registered marriage. The other 9 of the 18 single parents stated that they had never been in a registered marriage, but this was single due to musical interval of de facto couples. It was found that single parent families are most often headed by women, with only a small minority headed by men ABS, 2007. This is a world-shattering variable that has been consistent in research and whereby income and housing have shown to differentiate between the two.Single parent famil ies account for twenty two percent of families with children slight than fifteen years of age in Australia ABS, 2007. This figure is expected to hatch to rise, as can be seen in go out 11, which has shown a steady and incessant increase in single parent families from years 1987 to 2003. In 2006, 87% of one-parent families with children younger than 15 years were headed by mothers ABS, 2007. Yet, despite this wage increase disregard, single parents continue to be one of Australias most disadvantaged groups, with little indication of improvement. 1 HousingIn 2007, 14% of single parent families publicly rented their homes, 40 percent privately rented and forty percent owned or purchased their homes. While that figure does not seem alarming, it is when compared to the eighty percent of coupled families who owned their homes double the rate of single parent families ABS, 2007. Coupled with this, the survey found that 87% of single parents surveyed were living in rental accommodat ion, compared to fair 13% of married couples refer to Figure 2. Between the ABS and survey statistics, this is an average of 70. % of single parents living in rental housing. In addition, women are at a further disadvantage with 62% of single women surveyed living in rented homes and only 38% of single men with the same living arrangements refer to Figure 3. In addition, those applying to take out a mortgage must pass a certain criteria including whether your income has the capacity to afford the repayments. Banks apply certain standards, like capacity to make repayments and many single parents are not earning enough to qualify for this criterion, making it even more difficult for single parents to corrupt a house.The key trend here is that single parents are marginalised in housing ownership because only those with a senior high school income may be able to afford to take out a mortgage and as such, are dependent in their chances of being able to purchase a house. A recent study by the University of South Australia found that single mothers faced discrimination when severe to secure housing in the private rental market because landlords were unwilling to sign leases for single mothers with children AHURI, 2002.Furthermore, Cam Smith from the Victorian Council of Social Service recently detect that rents have also been rising by about 15 per cent a year, arguing that despite the growing costs of housing, the political science is nevertheless to re-evaluate its rental assistance scheme for single parent families, with single parent families still spending more than a quarter of their income on housing ABS, 2007.Those eligible for rent assistance must be living in private rental accommodation and must also be receiving social guarantor payments Centrelink, 2010. Many have called for a review of this policy because single parents on a low income that are not receiving social security payments are unsuitable for rent assistance. This is supported by eviden ce found in the surveys which showed that half of the single parents surveyed were earning under $30 000 per annum, meaning that $7500 of this income is eing spent on rent alone. In summary, it is evident that in terms of housing access, single parent families struggle to obtain suitable housing that is affordable and maintainable and majority of single parents are unable to purchase a house because their income and other factors do not meet the criteria for home loans. Majority of single parents are living in rented accommodation and still find it difficult to pay rent even with rent assistance.Thus, single parent families are marginalised in terms of home ownership because many do not earn a sufficient income to purchase a home, but cannot nominate more hours because they must be home to look aft(prenominal) their children. Inevitably, single parent families are confine in their access to power and privilege because having dependent children means they are circumscribe to work ing less hours and earning a lower income a key factor in determining the level of power a person has and the privileges attained by it. Income Research constantly shows that single parent families are at a greater risk of poverty than couple families. According to a study by the National Centre for frugal and Social Modelling (NATSEM), in 2001 the proportion of single parent families in income poverty was 18% compared with 6% of married couples with children (refer to Figure 1)NATSEM, 2001. The vulnerability of single parents results from the difficulty of balancing employment to earn an income while providing for and raising children alone.The difficulty in this is that single parents who are raising children alone find it almost impossible to work any more than part period and thus, cannot earn the same income as married couples working full time. Single parents are disadvantaged because they are restricted in being able to work only a certain number of hours a week because a lot of time must be spent at home looking after their children. Single mothers are at a greater level of poverty as seen in the surveys with only 26% of single mothers working full time, compared to 74% of single fathers refer to Figure 7.This statistic reinforces the argument that single mothers are not privileged in terms of income because they do not have opportunity to earn that of a full time working parent, and are more disadvantaged than single fathers because women account for the majority of single parents. In 2007, the ABS reported that forty two percent of single parent families were relying on government benefits as their primary source of income compared to six percent of coupled families with dependent children ABS, 2007. The disadvantage in this is that many single parents are headed by mothers, and it is widely known that women earn less than men.In fact, surveys showed that 38% of single mothers were earning less than $30 000 per annum compared to just 11% of single fathers earning the same income. Furthermore, just 5% of single mothers were earning over $45 001 per annum compared to 38% of single fathers earning the same amount Figure 6. These results sidle up the fact that single fathers are less disadvantaged when it comes to income because they are more likely to be working full time than single mothers and as such are less likely to be living in poverty.If majority of single mothers are only working part time and if wealth equals power, single women are limited in their access to power in society because they are unable to achieve power with minimal income. This demonstrates the income marginalisation of single mothers when compared to their anthropoid counterparts and the fact the single mothers are one of societys most underprivileged groups. According to a survey conducted by the Child Support effect in 2000, seventy five percent of the ninety one percent of single mothers were raising children on incomes below $20 000.Furthermore, these women were earning and average of $295. 00 per week, but research conducted by the University of Canberra found that the weekly cost of raising two children alone was $310. 00 CSA, 2000 University of Canberra, 2003. This proves that single mothers are earning less than basic living expenses require and are finding it incredibly difficult to survive, despite child support from the government, it is not sufficient for single mothers to live comfortably.In addition, if they are earning barely enough to support their children, it would be impossible to save any money to put towards possible housing ownership. This reinforces the argument that single mothers are increasingly disadvantaged by only having one source of income and that hinders their access to any privilege in society because they do not have any assets or savings fateed to garner a powerful status in society. Further statistics are proving that single parent families are at a disadvantage when it comes to income and child support.The Australian demonstrate of Family Studies research paper notes that forty one percent of single parents were receiving no child support, due to income deemed too high to be eligible and hours children spent in their custody were not enough. Of those who did receive it, over eighty percent got only one hundred dollars or less per week AFS, 2003. In addition, the surveys showed that a huge 89% of single parents were not satisfied with the government assistance they were receiving (refer to Figure 4) and believed the government did not provide enough funds for single parents.The key trend noted here is that even those receiving child support are still only receiving minimal amounts and a low income means their financial disadvantage is at an all time low. An average single parent family spends half its income on rent, household bills, and food while parents who are married spend under one third of the budget on these essentials, further highlighting the fact that mar ried parents do not face anywhere near the level of financial trouble that single parents do ACOSS, 2005.The expenses of raising a child do not decrease because one is a single parent, and these statistics are proving that single parent families are becoming financially marginalised because their inevitable low incomes are preventing them from living comfortably. This information has clearly distinguished the extreme disadvantages in terms of housing and income that single parents, and in particular, single mothers face. Single parents on the whole are earning far less than those who are married and as such, are disadvantaged in their ability to buy necessities and have any money remaining to put towards savings or other expenses.It is clear that single mothers are the most marginalised because majority of children in single parent families live with their mother and as such, single mothers must lessen their working hours to ensure that they are home to raise their children. It is clear that single parents with primary custody should be receiving more support from the government to compensate for their inability to work full time and government assistance should be provided with more reflection of the single parents situation. 3 Survey Evidence (Notes *all statistics and figures presented in this section are out of thirty participants surveyed. those who responded as being neer married were previously in a de facto relationship that had separated, and those without children in this category were omitted from the results. ) ? Of the single parents surveyed, 44% were male headed and 55% were female headed (Figure 1). The information presented in this report reinforces that single mothers are at a greater disadvantage than single fathers due to majority of single parent families being headed by women and their limitations in earning a high income because of family commitments, thus making them less likely to achieve any power or privileges in society. Of those who were living in rented accommodation, 87% were single parent families and 13% were married parents (Figure 2). This supports the argument that single parents are marginalised in their ability to afford a mortgage and their low incomes prevent them from being eligible for a home loan. ? Furthermore, of the single parents renting, 62% were single mothers and 38% were single fathers (Figure 3). Single mothers are marginalised in housing ownership because many experience discrimination when applying for a home loan and low incomes make housing ownership almost impossible. Married parents were earning a minimum of $45001 per annum, with 67% earning $75001 or more a year (Figure 5) Married parents have the ability to gain power in society because while one parent is raising the children, another can be out working full time and earning good money, which is a determining factor in ones level of power. Thus, wealth and power means greater privileges are rewarded and married couples are less restricted in achieving this than single parents are. 61% of single parent families were earning under $30000 per annum (Figure 5). This reinforces the fact that low income means limited access to power and privilege in society and wealth in a major disadvantage for single parent families. ? Furthermore, the single parents who were earning $45001 or more (2) were unsurprisingly men (Figure 6) Single fathers are less marginalised than single mothers because they have the capability and time to work longer hours and earn more due to most single parent families being headed by women. 74% of single fathers were working full time, compared to just 26% of single mothers (Figure 7) Single mothers are disadvantaged in their ability to work full time because they must be home to take care of their children, which limits the hours they can work. ? 70% of single parents had children enrolled in state schooling, while just 28% of married parents had children attending state schools (Figure 8). Married parents earn more can afford private schooling single parents earn less beginnert have financial opportunity to send children to private school therefore, they are marginalised in their access to education. 65% of married parents were unaware of the current government assistance scheme for parents, while 21% of married parents thought it was unfair and 14% thought it was fair or that single parents should be given focus (Figure 9). Married couples do not know what single parents are receiving from government and so, that may be preventing them from lobbying for the government to provide single parent families with more assistance. maybe meliorate education about government assistance should be given to harness stronger opinions from people. 61% of single parents were unsatisfied with the government assistance they were receiving, while 22% were satisfied with it and 17% were not entitled to it (Figure 10). Single parent families are at a disadvantage of only havin g one income, but are even more so marginalised because government assistance provided does not compensate for a second income it is only support. ? Single parents surveyed were not receiving anymore than $200 biweekly in Government Assistance.Despite being at an income disadvantage, single parents who are desperately in need still receive no more than $200 fortnightly which indicates the limitations they have to afford life essential, let alone save any money to afford to buy a house. 4 Survey results Diagrammed Figure 1 pic Figure 2 pic Figure 3 pic Figure 4 pic Figure 5 pic Figure 6 pic Figure 7 pic Figure 8 pic Figure 9 pic Figure 10 pic 5 Conflict and Functionalist Theories The Conflict and Functionalist theories are concepts developed by theorists looking for a way to describe levels of class in society.Each has key tenets that make them different and why one in particular may be a better explanation of single parent families and their marginalisation and disadvantage in soc iety, which leads to power and privilege shown towards them. 6 Functionalist Theory The Functionalist theory sees levels in society as a comparison to the human body. It sees the social system to be made up of different interconnected parts and if any of these organisms break down, the rest of society will malfunction.Functionalists approve of social order and view inequality as natural and necessary where everyone gets their due. In addition, they see social change as disruptive on the system unless it happens bit by bit and social stratification is useful in maintaining stability in society. It sees those with special talent as deserving of the social reward and privilege (wealth, power, prestige) but fails to explain the place of those in society where their social status is ascribed or inherited, and not achieved.As such, the Functionalist theory sees single parent families and the disadvantages they experience as necessary to maintain social order and believe they receive what their position in society is worthy of. Sociology Australian Connections. 2007 7 Conflict Theory The Conflict Theory originates from the opinions of Karl Marx who studied societies throughout history. Marx believed that social change emerges through the struggle and conflict being played out between social classes.The Conflict Theory sees social stratification as a result of groups becoming rich and powerful then preserving their own interests above those in lower classes. Conflict theorists view tension, hostility, competition and differences as a permanent and inevitable feature of societies. The key idea in the Conflict Theory is that social order is marked by conflict and maintained by force. It states that life chances are less for members of subordinate and incapacitated groups who have inferior opportunities, which in the case of single parents, is the limitations in income and housing that their situation has created.It is important to note that Conflict theorists do not see conflict as a negative force, more that it has many consequences convey about social change. Sociology New York, 1987 Sociology Themes and Perspectives, 2000. Of the two theories, the Conflict theory more suitably explains the disadvantage and marginalisation experienced by single parent families. The rising number of single parent families is due to their low level of income forcing them into a lower social class and as such, their level of class hinders their access to power in society.Due to their lack of power and marginalisation in comparison to married parents, the opportunities of single parents are limited to those that they can afford and find time for and it has proven to be a vicious cycle that is very difficult to break. The rising number of single parents and disadvantages they experience in comparison married parents has been an tailor for some time and so, as the Conflict theory states, these differences are bound to bring about change in the in store(predicat e). For these reasons, the Conflict Theory is a better explanation of single parent families.Conclusion Evaluation and Decision Making Single parent families are one of Australias most underprivileged and powerless groups. In particular, single mothers have shown to be the most disadvantaged group and experience the highest level of financial disadvantage and are most marginalised in their housing accessibility. Because most single parent families are headed by women, single mothers are limited in their access to power because it is a constant struggle to oddment earning an income with family duties.As such, single mothers do not receive the same privileges as married parents because they are restricted in their ability to earn a high income which limits the opportunities available to them. Single fathers have shown to be less disadvantaged than single mothers but still experience hardship in relation to home ownership. The research has proven that the disadvantage experienced by single parent families has shown no signs of improvement and married parents continue to have a much greater level of power and more privilege in society. As the Conflict theory states, when there is conflict between two groups in society single and married parents), it is destined to bring about social change. For that reason, the rising number of single parents in Australia is not necessarily a negative force, but one that is demonstrating the need for reform in the Government support and privileges that single parent families so desperately need. 1 Recommendations and Implications It can be seen from the primary and secondary sources of information that single parents experience the greatest disadvantage in their ability to work full time to earn a high income and their ability to purchase a home.Thus, it is recommended that the Government puts in place certain programs and funding to ensure that the marginalisation of single parents is decreased and that the equality between mar ried and single parents is made level. This can be achieved by providing single parents with child care grants that provide single parents with the opportunity to work full time without having the burden of child care costs. In addition, the government should provide single parents with grants to purchase a home to ensure that their single income does not restrict their access to home ownership.Furthermore, grants for everyday necessities such as groceries and supply should be provided so that single parents have a higher chance of being able to save money. Finally, the government should create some programs for single parents that give them advice on how to handle work and family duties and how they can save money even on a low income. These suggestions may cost taxpayers more money, but at the end of a day, if society wants to live in an egalitarian society, these are the first steps that must be taken in order to achieve this. Appendix Figure 11 pic Figure 12 pic Figure 13 pic B ibliography Article baseborn. 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